Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
Economics & Finance
Switched Ethernet is an evolution of classic Ethernet that replaces shared hub-based networks with intelligent switches. First standardized in the 1980s as IEEE 802.3, Ethernet technology is classified into two main categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet. In switched Ethernet, the hub that connects stations in classic Ethernet is replaced by a switch. The switch connects a high-speed backplane bus to all stations in the LAN through dedicated connections. A typical switch contains 4 to 48 ports, allowing stations to connect simply by plugging into any available port. Connections can extend to computers, peripherals, other Ethernet switches, or hubs. ... Read More
Blockchain and cryptocurrency are closely related concepts that are often confused with each other. However, they are distinct technologies serving different purposes. Cryptocurrency is a decentralized digital currency that operates without centralized authority, while blockchain is the underlying technology that enables secure, transparent record-keeping for various applications including cryptocurrency transactions. Blockchain vs Cryptocurrency Relationship Blockchain • Distributed ledger • Immutable records • Decentralized network • Multiple applications (Technology Infrastructure) ... Read More
A sink tree in a computer network is a tree structure that represents the optimal paths from all nodes to a specific destination node. It connects every node in the network to the destination using the shortest or lowest-cost path available. The sink tree is rooted at the destination node, with all other nodes serving as sources. The most common metric for determining the optimal path is the number of hops (intermediate nodes), though other cost metrics like bandwidth or delay can also be used. How Sink Trees Work Sink trees are based on the optimality principle, ... Read More
Error correction is a method used in data communication to automatically detect and fix errors at the receiver end without requiring retransmission. Unlike error detection which only identifies errors, error correction enables the receiver to restore the original data by using redundant bits added to the transmitted message. In error correction, each k-bit block of data is combined with redundant bits to create an n-bit codeword (where n > k). A Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoder adds these redundant bits at the transmission end, and the complete codeword is transmitted over the communication channel. ... Read More
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is the modern successor to Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), providing cryptographic protection for network communications. Both protocols secure data transmission between clients and servers over insecure networks through encryption, authentication, and integrity verification. TLS/SSL operates between the transport layer and application layer, protecting protocols like HTTP (creating HTTPS), SMTP, and FTP. These security protocols have become essential for securing web traffic, email communications, and other network services. TLS/SSL Security Architecture Client Server ... Read More
Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in the 1980s as the IEEE 802.3 standard. Ethernet is classified into two categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet. Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. The varieties are commonly referred to as 10BASE-X. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput (10 Mbps), BASE denotes use of baseband transmission, and X is the type of medium used. Architecture Classic Ethernet is the simplest form of Ethernet. It comprises an Ethernet ... Read More
Bitcoin is the first and most well-known cryptocurrency that enables peer-to-peer digital value exchange without requiring a central authority. It operates through a decentralized network using blockchain technology, cryptography, and a global consensus mechanism to maintain a public transaction ledger. Unlike traditional currencies, Bitcoin exists independently of governments or financial institutions and can be sent globally without intermediaries. Its monetary policy is mathematically predetermined, with a maximum supply of 21 million coins. How Bitcoin Works Bitcoin operates on blockchain technology — a distributed public ledger that records all transactions. When you send or receive Bitcoin, the transaction ... Read More
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless technology based upon GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It offers increased network capacity and speed to mobile device users, serving as an extension of 3G technology for high-speed mobile communications. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is an improvement over LTE that meets the criteria of 4G wireless communications as laid down by IMT-Advanced standards. It provides greater speeds and better quality of communications compared to standard LTE. Both LTE and LTE-A are used for mobile broadband communications and Voice over IP (VoIP) services, forming the backbone of modern mobile networks. ... Read More
Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard. Ethernet can be broadly classified into two types − Types of Ethernet Classic Ethernet Hub-based Shared medium 3-10 Mbps Switched Ethernet Switch-based Dedicated connections Higher speeds What are Classic Ethernet and Switched Ethernet? Classic Ethernet is the original ... Read More
Synchronous protocols are data communication protocols that maintain a constant timing relationship between the sender and receiver during data transmission. These protocols divide the data stream into fixed-size frames or blocks and use synchronized clocks to ensure accurate data transfer. In synchronous communication, both the transmitter and receiver operate on the same clock frequency, enabling continuous data flow without start and stop bits for each character. This approach is primarily used for high-speed data transmission over long distances where large amounts of data need to be transferred efficiently. Synchronous Data Transmission ... Read More