Python Articles - Page 841 of 929

The graphs can be implemented using Dictionary in Python. In the dictionary, each key will be the vertices, and as value, it holds a list of connected vertices. So the entire structure will look like Adjacency list of a graph G(V, E). We can use the basic dictionary object, but we are using default dict. It has some additional features. It has one additional writable instance variable. We are providing a text file, which contains the number of vertices, number of edges, names of vertices, and the list of edges. For undirected graph, we are providing two edges like ... Read More

The objective is to break a list into chunks of a specific size (n), that is, splitting a list into sublists where each sublist contains n elements. For example, if the list is [12, 33, 11, 56, 44, 89, 23, 34, 12] and the chunk size is 3. Then the output has to be - [[12, 33, 11], [56, 44, 89], [23, 34, 12]]. To break a list into chunks of size n in Python, we use list comprehensions, Numpy library, slicing and others. Let's discuss all the approaches in detail with examples - Using List Comprehension List comprehension provides ... Read More

In some Research works, Researchers uses GPS modules to track the animal behavior. They can track how they are travelling to different places in different time of a year etc. In this example we use that kind of dataset to get an idea, how Birds are moving in different places. In this dataset there are the location details from GPS module are stored. The complete dataset is in CSV form. In that file, there are different fields. The first one is Bird Id, then date_time, Latitude, longitude and speed. For this Task, we need some modules that can be used ... Read More

In this article we will see how to make a server and client chat room system using Socket Programming with Python.The sockets are the endpoints of any communication channel. These are used to connect the server and client. Sockets are Bi-Directional. In this area, we will setup sockets for each end and setup the chatroom system among different clients through the server. The server side has some ports to connect with client sockets. When a client tries to connect with the same port, then the connection will be established for the chat room.There are basically two parts. The server side ... Read More

In this article, we will see how we can send email with attachments using Python. To send mail, we do not need any external library. There is a module called SMTPlib, which comes with Python. It uses SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) to send the mail. It creates SMTP client session objects for mailing. SMTP needs valid source and destination email ids, and port numbers. The port number varies for different sites. As an example, for google the port is 587. At first we need to import the module to send mail. import smtplib Here we are also ... Read More

In Python, the Fraction module supports rational number arithmetic. Using this module, we can create fractions from integers, floats, decimals, and other numeric values and strings. The constructor of this class accepts Numerator and Denominator as parameters and creates Fractions from them. The default value of the numerator is 0 and the default value of the denominator is 1. The cost raises ZeroDivisionError when the denominator is 0. Creating Fraction Instances At first, we will see how the class can create fractions using Numerator and Denominator. Example from fractions import Fraction as frac print(frac(45, 54)) print(frac(12, 47)) print(frac(0, 15)) ... Read More

The WordNet is a part of Python's Natural Language Toolkit. It is a large word database of English Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs and Verbs. These are grouped into some set of cognitive synonyms, which are called synsets. To use the Wordnet, at first we have to install the NLTK module, then download the WordNet package. $ sudo pip3 install nltk $ python3 >>> import nltk >>>nltk.download('wordnet') In the wordnet, there are some groups of words, whose meaning are same. In the first example, we will see how wordnet returns meaning and other details of a word. Sometimes, if some ... Read More

To quickly convert Decimal to other based, we will be using the Built-in functions in Python − Decimal to Binary − bin() Decimal to Octal − oct() Decimal to Hexadecimal − hex() Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive positions to the left of the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on. Binary uses two digits, 0 and 1. Also called as base 2 number system Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the base (2). Last ... Read More

The photomosaic is a technique, where we can split our image into a grid of squares. Each square will be replaced by some other images or colors. So when we want to see the actual image from a certain distance, we can see the actual image, but if we come closer, we can see the grid of different colored blocks. In this case we are using a Python module called photomosaic. Using this module, we can easily create some photomosaics. To install it please follow this link. It will also download the scikit learn module. sudo pip3 install photomosaic ... Read More

UUID is having the full form Universal Unique Identifier, it is a python library which supports 128 bits ids for generating random objects. Advantages of UUID As discussed, we can use it to generate unique random id for random objects. For cryptography and hashing applications, this id can be used. For generating random documents and also addresses etc. this id can be used. Method1 Using uuid1() Example code import uuid print ("Random id using uuid1() is : ", end="") print (uuid.uuid1()) Output Random id using uuid1() is : 4adeede2-e5d8-11e8-bd27-185e0fd4f8b3 Representations of uuid1() bytes − ... Read More