Hexadecimal Number System is one the type of Number Representation techniques, in which there value of base is 16. That means there are only 16 symbols or possible digit values, there are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. Where A, B, C, D, E and F are single bit representations of decimal value 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively. It requires only 4 bits to represent value of any digit. Hexadecimal numbers are indicated by the addition of either an 0x prefix or an h suffix.Position of every ... Read More

Octal Number System is one the type of Number Representation techniques, in which there value of base is 8. That means there are only 8 symbols or possible digit values, there are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. It requires only 3 bits to represent value of any digit. Octal numbers are indicated by the addition of either an 0o prefix or an 8 suffix.Position of every digit has a weight which is a power of 8. Each position in the Octal system is 8 times more significant than the previous position, that means numeric value of an ... Read More

Binary Number System is one the type of Number Representation techniques. It is most popular and used in digital systems. Binary system is used for representing binary quantities which can be represented by any device that has only two operating states or possible conditions. For example, a switch has only two states: open or close.In the Binary System, there are only two symbols or possible digit values, i.e., 0 and 1. Represented by any device that only 2 operating states or possible conditions. Binary numbers are indicated by the addition of either an 0b prefix or an 2 suffix.Position of ... Read More

Number System represents value of number with respect to its given base. Based on its Base value, a number has unique representation and different number systems have different representation of the same number. For example, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal Number systems are used in microprocessor programming.If the Base value of a number system is 10, then it is called Decimal number system which has most important role in the development of science and technology. This is the weighted (or positional) number representation, where value of each digit is determined by its position (or their weight) in a number. This ... Read More

In the OSI (Open System Interconnections) Model, each layer uses the services of the layer below it and provides services to the layer above it. The primary function of the data link layer is to provide a well-defined service interface to the network layer above it. Virtual Communication versus Actual Communication The main service provided is to transfer data packets from the network layer on the sending machine to the network layer on the receiving machine. Data link layer of the sending machine transmits accepts data from the network layer and sends them to the data link layer of ... Read More

The data link layer in the OSI (Open System Interconnections) Model, is in between the physical layer and the network layer. This layer converts the raw transmission facility provided by the physical layer to a reliable and error-free link. The main functions and the design issues of this layer are Providing services to the network layer Framing Error Control Flow Control Services to the Network Layer In the OSI Model, each layer uses the services of the layer below it and provides services to the layer above it. The data link layer uses the services offered by the ... Read More

The network data link layer is the layer above the physical layer in the Open System Interconnections (OSI) model. The primary concern of this layer is to convert the raw transmission facility provided by the physical layer to a reliable and error-free link.In TCP/IP model, the physical layer and the data link layer are combined as the host - to - network layer. Data Link Layer in the OSI Model The Open System Interconnections (OSI) model is a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communications should be done between heterogeneous systems.Its three lower OSI layers are called the network support ... Read More

The network physical layer is the lowest network layer in the Open System Interconnections (OSI) model. The primary concern of this layer is transmission of individual bits from one node to another over a physical medium. In TCP/IP model, the physical layer and the data link layer are combined as the host - to - network layer. Physical Layer in the OSI Model The Open System Interconnections (OSI) model is a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communications should be done between heterogeneous systems. The physical layer is its lowest layer. The following diagram depicts the position of the physical ... Read More

In U.S. telecommunications,Local access and transport area (LATA) refers to a geographical area in the U.S. which is allocated to telephone companies. The telephone companies, legally termed as local exchange carriers (LECs) provide telecommunication services, within the allotted areas. A LATA may be within the same U.S. state or may span across more than one state, as laid down in Telecommunications Act of 1996. Two types of connections are possible. IntraLATA − It is a connection between two LECs within the LATA. InterLATA − It is a connection providing long-distance service between LECs in different LATAs.

Definitions Cable − Cable network is a system of providing varied services like television programming, FM programming, Internet and telephone services over existing cable TV network. ADSL − Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of broadband communications technology to transmit digital data at a high bandwidth on existing phone lines to homes and businesses. Fiber − Fiber or Fiber to the home (FTTH) is a technology to deploy optical fibers in the local loop of the telephone networks to the users home for providing high-speed data connectivity. Comparisons Wires Cable − They use the copper coaxial ... Read More