The three types of Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocols are as follows −1-persistent CSMANon- Persistent CSMAp-persistent CSMAp-persistent CSMAThe p-persistent CSMA is used whenever the channel has time slots so that the time slot duration is equal to or greater than the maximum propagation delay time. The p-persistence senses the channel whenever a station becomes ready to send.Suppose if the channel is busy, then the station has to wait till the next slot is available.The p-persistence transmits with a probability p when the channel is idle. With a probability q=1-p, the station has to wait for the beginning of the ... Read More

The three types of Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocols are as follows −1-persistent CSMANon- Persistent CSMAp-persistent CSMA1-persistent CSMAIn this method, to transmit data the station wants to continuously sense the channel to check whether the channel is busy or idle.Suppose, if the channel is busy, then the station will wait until it becomes idle. Whenever the station detects an idle-channel, then it transmits the frame with probability. Therefore this persistence is called 1-persistent CSMA.The 1-persistent CSMA has the highest chance of collision because two or more stations identify a channel to be idle at the same time and transmit ... Read More

The three types of Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocols are as follows −1-persistent CSMANon- Persistent CSMAp-persistent CSMA1-persistent CSMAIn this method, to transmit data the station wants to continuously sense the channel to check whether the channel is busy or idle.Suppose, if the channel is busy, then the station will wait until it becomes idle. Whenever the station detects an idle-channel, then it transmits the frame with probability. Therefore this persistence is called 1-persistent CSMA.The 1-persistent CSMA has the highest chance of collision because two or more stations identify a channel to be idle at the same time and transmit ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Thunderbolt 2 and 3 respectively.Thunderbolt 2Thunderbolt 2 connector is a Mini DisplayPort connector developed by Apple. It allows a maximum throughput of 20 gigabits per second, whereas the original Thunderbolt port can deliver up to a maximum of 10 Gbps. It achieves over the USB 3.0 technology that has a maximum speed of only 5 Gbps.Given below is the image of thunderbolt 2 −Thunderbolt 3It is the latest and the fastest version of the Thunderbolt provides a maximum throughput of 40 gigabits per second. It was introduced in 2015, by Intel’s. It proves to ... Read More

The transmission technologies are divided into two types −Broadcast networks andPoint-to-point networks.Let us begin by learning about broadcast networks.Broadcast NetworksTransmitting data from one source host to all other hosts present in the same or other network is called broadcast. It is called a one to all transmission.Types of broadcastBroadcast is classified into two types, which are as follows −Limited BroadcastTransmitting data from one source host to all other hosts present in the same network is called a limited broadcast. Given below is the diagram of limited broadcast −In Limited Broad casting if the destination address is 255.255.255.255 then the packet ... Read More

The Internet Relay Chat is a protocol used for live interactive internal text messaging or simultaneous conferencing. It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication messages as well as chat and data transfer including file sharing.IRC is the way of communicating in real time with people from all over the world. IRC has separate networks like IRC servers, machines which allow users to connect to IRC.Working of IRCGenerally, the user runs a program to connect to a server on one of the IPC nets.The server relays information to and forms other ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Hub and Router before learning the differences between them.HubHubs work at the Physical layer and are used to link all the devices connected to it to form a single network. It is a common connection point All the devices connected to the hub can see the packets sent out by the hub.AdvantagesThe advantages of Hub are as follows −Hub is less expensive when compared to switches and routers.A Hub is used to internally connect between systems in a network.DisadvantagesThe disadvantages of Hub are as follows −A hub cannot accommodate more devices which make it ... Read More

Memo is also called a memorandum which is a concise and informal communication within an organization to inform about policies, procedures, or any other official message.Letter is a form of written communication addressed outside the organization. It contains a long formal message to inform someone of a specific topic. The tone of the letter depends on the relationship between sender and recipient.Email is another form of routine electronic communication within an organization or outside the organization. It requires an email account and internet connection.DifferencesThe major differences between Memo, letters, and Emails are as follows −MemoLetterEmailShort and PreciseLong and informativeInformal and ... Read More

A botnet is called as a collection of infected devices which are internet connected and these devices are controlled by the cyber-criminal with the help of malware. Usually, users are unaware of a botnet that is affecting their PC. Botnets normally used to send spam mails, create unusual traffic, etc.Botnet is installed on the PC which is vulnerable because of outdated firewalls or antivirus.Once the target device gets affected the attacker can control bots with two approaches −Client server approach − In this approach, first a server is set up which then sends commands to bots via communication protocol. After ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Skype and Google Hangouts before learning the differences between them.SkypeSkype is a telecommunication application that provides the feature of video and voice calling to the user with the help of the internet via computer, laptop, tablet, smart phones etc.Skype was launched in the year 2003 by Niklas Zennström, from Denmark. However, it gained popularity from 2010. In the covid-19 situation, skype acquired a huge market. In March 2020, Skype was used by 100 million people on a monthly basis and by 40 million people on a daily basis, which was a 70% increase in ... Read More