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Internet Articles
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What are VLAN, NAT and private IP's in computer networks?
In modern computer networking, three fundamental concepts work together to create efficient and secure networks: Virtual LANs (VLANs), Network Address Translation (NAT), and private IP addresses. These technologies enable network segmentation, address conservation, and enhanced security in both enterprise and home networks. Virtual LAN (VLAN) A VLAN is a logical grouping of network devices that belong to the same broadcast domain, regardless of their physical location. VLANs allow network administrators to segment a physical network into multiple isolated broadcast domains using switches. Instead of having all devices on a single flat network where every device can see ...
Read MoreWorking of Different layers in Computer Network
Have you ever wondered how different layers of the network work together to send messages? Before going into details, let us first understand some basic terms. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request is a protocol that converts IP addresses to MAC addresses. A routing table is a set of rules, usually displayed in tabular format, used to determine the routing location of data packets transmitted over an Internet Protocol (IP) network. In a typical network, the host device has all the layers of the OSI model, while routers typically operate at the network, ...
Read MoreTypes of Information Systems
An Information System (IS) is a formal, sociotechnical organizational system designed to gather, process, store, and disseminate information. Information systems comprise four components from a sociotechnical standpoint − task, people, structure (or roles), and technology. Information systems consist of members that gather, store, and process data, with the data being utilized to give information, add to knowledge and create digital products that aid decision-making. Organizations classify information systems based on organizational levels, data mode, processing methods, system objectives, and type of assistance provided. Types of Information Systems ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between Hashing and Encryption?
Hashing and encryption are two fundamental cryptographic techniques used to protect data, but they serve different purposes and work in distinct ways. Understanding their differences is crucial for implementing proper data security measures. Hashing Hashing is a one-way mathematical function that converts input data of any size into a fixed-length string called a hash or message digest. The key characteristic of hashing is that it's irreversible − you cannot retrieve the original data from the hash value. Hash functions have several important properties: Deterministic − The same input always produces the same hash output ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between DVR and NVR?
In modern surveillance systems, two main types of recording devices dominate the market: Digital Video Recorders (DVR) and Network Video Recorders (NVR). While both serve the purpose of recording and storing video footage, they differ significantly in their technology, capabilities, and applications. What is DVR? DVR (Digital Video Recorder) is a recording device that converts analog video signals into digital format and stores them on hard drives. DVRs are designed to work specifically with analog cameras connected through coaxial cables, making them a traditional choice for surveillance systems. The DVR processes analog signals by digitizing and compressing ...
Read MoreWhat are the types of HDLC Frames?
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol that provides error-free transmission of data between network points. It supports both connection-oriented and connectionless services, organizing data into structured units called frames for reliable transmission across networks. HDLC frames are transmitted over synchronous or asynchronous links using frame delimiters called flags, which contain specific bit sequences that mark the beginning and end of each frame without appearing within the frame content itself. Types of HDLC Frames HDLC defines three distinct types of frames, each serving different communication purposes: Information Frames (I-Frames) ...
Read MoreHow does the MANETS AODV Reactive Routing Protocol work?
MANET stands for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network. It is an infrastructure-less collection of mobile nodes that can arbitrarily change their geographic locations, creating networks with dynamic topologies composed of bandwidth-constrained wireless links. MANET nodes are equipped with wireless transmitters and receivers. Based on node positions, coverage designs, and transmission power levels, wireless connectivity exists between nodes in the form of a random, multi-hop graph. Current applications include defense services, emergency search and rescue, meetings, conventions, and scenarios requiring quick information sharing without fixed infrastructure. Unpredictable topological changes make route discovery and maintenance challenging in these networks. Conventional routing protocols ...
Read MoreARP, Reverse ARP, Inverse ARP, Proxy ARP, and Gratuitous ARP
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol that works on the TCP/IP Layer 2, mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network segment. ARP helps to get the MAC address of the connected router or gateway from the IP address. ARP is a request-response protocol in which one device sends a request to another device asking for some information, and the other device responds with the required information. ARP packets are encapsulated by a link-layer and are distributed only in a specific network. ARP is considered a link-layer protocol. How Does ARP Work? ...
Read MoreReal-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) is a network protocol designed for delivering audio and video over IP networks with minimal delay. It provides end-to-end transport functions specifically tailored for real-time multimedia applications like voice calls, video conferencing, and live streaming. RTP works in conjunction with the Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP), which monitors transmission quality and provides feedback. While RTP handles the actual media delivery, RTCP manages control information and quality metrics. RTP Protocol Stack Application Layer (VoIP, Video Conferencing) RTP (Media) ...
Read MoreDifference between Baseband and Broadband Transmission
Data transmission has been crucial in the age of digital communication. Either digital or analogue data can be transmitted over a communication medium to one or more devices, depending on the interfaces in use. There are two important types of data transmission − Baseband and Broadband. Understanding the differences between these transmission methods is essential for network design and choosing the appropriate technology for specific communication requirements. What is Baseband Transmission? Baseband transmission is a technology where a single digital signal occupies the entire bandwidth of the communication channel. The signal is transmitted in its original frequency ...
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