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Internet Articles
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Difference between Batch Processing and Stream Processing
Computer systems have been handling data since decades, but the volume and speed of handling has become phenomenal in the last few years. Data processing means "the collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful information", has been evolving in terms of speed, efficiency, and leveraging the computing resources. In this article, we will see two important techniques of data processing in the field of computation − Batch processing and Stream processing. We will elaborate them in detail and see how they are different. What is Batch Processing? Batch processing is a technique of processing ...
Read MoreCisco Router Modes
Cisco routers are a vital component of modern networks, and they come with a hierarchical command-line interface organized into different modes. Each mode provides specific levels of access and functionality, allowing network administrators to view information, configure settings, and manage routing protocols effectively. Understanding these modes and their proper usage is essential for network administrators to optimize network performance, implement security policies, and troubleshoot issues efficiently. Each mode has distinct capabilities and access restrictions that control what commands can be executed. Cisco Router Command Modes Hierarchy ...
Read MorePerformance Problems in Computer Networks
Network performance refers to the quality and speed of a network's transmission of data between devices. It is typically measured by factors such as bandwidth, latency, and throughput. Network performance is critical because it determines how effectively devices can communicate and access shared resources like internet services or file servers. Poor network performance leads to slow response times, reduced productivity, and frustrated users. Common Network Performance Problems Bandwidth Bottlenecks Insufficient capacity Interference Signal ...
Read MoreCAN Protocol
The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is a robust communication protocol originally developed for the automotive industry but now widely used across various sectors including industrial automation, medical equipment, and avionics. It is a serial communication protocol that implements a multi-master, distributed control system where any device (node) on the network can initiate communication. The protocol enables devices to share information and synchronize actions without requiring a central controller. CAN uses collision detection and arbitration methods to ensure only one node transmits at a time, preventing data collisions on the shared bus. Why CAN? The CAN protocol ...
Read MoreBerkeley's Algorithm
Berkeley's Algorithm is a distributed algorithm for computing the correct time in a network of computers. The algorithm is designed to work in a network where clocks may be running at slightly different rates, and some computers may experience intermittent communication failures. The basic idea behind Berkeley's Algorithm is that each computer in the network periodically sends its local time to a designated master computer, which then computes the correct time for the network based on the received timestamps. The master computer then sends the correct time back to all the computers in the network, and each computer adjusts ...
Read MoreCable TV Networks
Cable television networks are television channels that are delivered to viewers through cable television systems, as opposed to broadcast television, satellite television, or the internet. Some examples of popular cable TV networks in the United States include ESPN, TNT, and HBO. Cable networks can also be divided into categories, such as news networks (CNN, Fox News), sports networks (ESPN, NBC Sports), movie networks (HBO, Showtime), and lifestyle networks (Food Network, HGTV). Cable networks operate by subscription where viewers pay the operator to get access to the channels. The cable television infrastructure uses coaxial cables or fiber-optic cables to deliver ...
Read MoreReal-Time Communications (RTC)
Real-Time Communications (RTC) refers to the ability to communicate and exchange information instantaneously over the internet. RTC encompasses technologies and protocols that enable synchronous communication of audio, video, and data between devices without noticeable delay. RTC technologies power voice and video calls, video conferencing, instant messaging, and live streaming applications. These systems rely on specialized protocols like Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to establish and maintain communication sessions between devices. Real-Time Communications Flow Sender Audio/Video Receiver ...
Read MoreWhich Connection is Best - Fiber, Copper, or Wireless?
Before selecting the optimal internet connection − Fiber, Copper, or Wireless − it's essential to understand their characteristics and functionality in different environments. The choice depends on usage requirements, cost considerations, installation location, service needs, and data transfer speeds for activities like streaming, downloading large files, or accessing cloud applications. All internet connections rely on bandwidth (measured in Mbps or Gbps) to determine data capacity. Performance can degrade when multiple users access the same network simultaneously, creating bandwidth congestion and reducing connection speeds. Types of Internet Connections Internet connectivity is delivered through three primary mediums: Copper, Fiber ...
Read MoreH.323 and Associated Protocols
H.323 is a comprehensive suite of standards for real-time multimedia communication over IP networks, developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the late 1990s. It enables voice, video, and data communication across packet-switched networks like the Internet. H.323 provides a framework for interoperability between different multimedia communication systems and has been widely adopted for applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP), video conferencing, and multimedia streaming services. Core H.323 Protocols The H.323 suite comprises several interconnected protocols, each serving specific functions: H.225 − Handles call signaling and establishment. Uses the Remote Procedure Call ...
Read MoreInternet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)
The Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) is a framework for establishing security associations (SAs) and performing key exchange in a secure manner. Security associations are agreements between two devices that define how they will communicate securely, while key exchange refers to the process of sharing cryptographic material needed to secure communication. ISAKMP defines the structure and format of messages used to establish and maintain SAs but does not specify the actual cryptographic algorithms or keys. Instead, it provides a framework for negotiating these details and establishing a secure channel between devices. ...
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