Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard.Ethernet can be broadly classified into two types −What are classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet?Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. The stations are connected by hubs that allow each station to communicate with every other station in the LAN. There are a number of varieties of classic Ethernet, commonly referred as 10BASE-X. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denotes use of baseband ... Read More

Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard. Ethernet is classified into two categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet.Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. The varieties are commonly referred as 10BASE-X. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and X is the type of medium used.ArchitectureClassic Ethernet is simplest form of Ethernet. It comprises of an Ethernet medium composed of a long piece of coaxial ... Read More

Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard. Ethernet is classified into two categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet.In switched Ethernet, the hub connecting the stations of the classic Ethernet is replaced by a switch. The switch connects the high-speed backplane bus to all the stations in the LAN. The switch-box contains a number of ports, typically within the range of 4 – 48. A station can be connected in the network by simply plugging a connector to any of the ports. Connections from ... Read More

Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s by IEEE 802.3 standard. IEEE 802.3 defines the physical layer and the medium access control (MAC) sub-layer of the data link layer for wired Ethernet networks. Ethernet is classified into two categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet.Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. The varieties are commonly referred as 10BASE-X. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and X is the type ... Read More

IEEE 802.3 is a set of standards and protocols that define Ethernet-based networks. Ethernet technologies are primarily used in LANs, though they can also be used in MANs and even WANs. IEEE 802.3 defines the physical layer and the medium access control (MAC) sub-layer of the data link layer for wired Ethernet networks.IEEE 802.3 Popular VersionsThere are a number of versions of IEEE 802.3 protocol. The most popular ones are.IEEE 802.3: This was the original standard given for 10BASE-5. It used a thick single coaxial cable into which a connection can be tapped by drilling into the cable to the ... Read More

Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard. Ethernet is classified into two categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet.Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. The varieties are commonly referred as 10BASE-X. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and X is the type of medium used. Most varieties of classic Ethernet have become obsolete in present communication scenario.Varieties of Classic EthernetThe common varieties of classic ... Read More

Clear to Send (CTS) is a control frame employed in the medium access control (MAC) layer protocol IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS. The protocol uses the concept of Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) in wireless networks. The RTS/CTS (Request to Send / Clear to Send) mechanism aims to reduce frame collisions introduced by the hidden terminal problem. CTS frame is sent by the receiver after it gets the RTS frame prior to receiving of the actual data frame.Working Principle of MACA implementing CTSThe MACA protocol works with the condition that the communicating stations are synchronized and frame sizes and data speed ... Read More

Request to Send (RTS) is a control frame employed in the medium access control (MAC) layer protocol IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS. The protocol uses the concept of Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) in wireless networks. The RTS/CTS (Request to Send / Clear to Send) mechanism aims to reduce frame collisions introduced by the hidden terminal problem. RTS frame is sent by the transmitter prior to transmission of the actual data frame.Working Principle of MACA implementing RTSThe MACA protocol works with the condition that the communicating stations are synchronized and frame sizes and data speed are the same.Let us consider that ... Read More

Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) is a medium access control (MAC) layer protocol used in wireless networks, with a view to solve the hidden terminal problem. It also provides solution to the exposed terminal problem. The MAC layer protocol IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS has been adopted from MACA.Working PrincipleThe MACA protocol works with the condition that the stations are synchronized and frame sizes and data speed are the same. It involves transmission of two frames called RTS and CTS prior to data transmission. RTS stands for Request to Send and CTS stands for Clear to Send.Let us consider that a ... Read More

In wireless LANs ( wireless local area networks), the hidden terminal problem is a transmission problem that arises when two or more stations who are out of range of each other transmit simultaneously to a common recipient. This is prevalent in decentralised systems where there aren’t any entity for controlling transmissions. This occurs when a station is visible from a wireless access point (AP), but is hidden from other stations that communicate with the AP.Problem IllustrationSuppose that there are three stations labelled STA, STB, and STC, where STA and STC are transmitting while STB is receiving. The stations are in ... Read More