A network contains several groups of devices that communicate with one another through links. Devices are represented as hosts that are connected through switches, routers, hubs, modems, and access points with transmission mediums for communication purposes. Communication protocol specifies set of rules for exchanging data over a suitable network. Each protocol differs in its communication properties and can be connection−oriented or connection−less with a circuit or packet−switching techniques. Most of the common protocols used in networking are IEEE 802, Ethernet, Wireless LAN, SDH, ATM, Routing, etc. Here Ethernet and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are types of communication protocols used in ... Read More

Data transfer can be initiated from the user or client machine by sending a request and at the other end, the server or destination device receives the request, verifies and validates it before sending a response message. Data transmitted are converted into packets or bits as per each layer’s functionalities. The application layer of the OSI model is the top layer near the end user, and communication happens between the application layer protocols and the user. This layer provides options for file sharing, data transfer, and database access. FTP File Transfer Protocol is used for sharing files from sender to ... Read More

IoT requires a network that can transmit data over a long range with low power and at a low bit rate but cellular networks like 3G, 4G, and 5G were not optimized for this. So the cellular body 3gpp which is third generation partnership project came up with the NB standard in release 13 in 2006 with releases 14 and 15 they upgraded the standard NB−Iot and with release 16 in 2020. LoRaWAN technologies are the ones that give voice to non−living things. What is LoRaWAN? LoRaWAN stands for Low Range Wide Area Network. It is a communication protocol ... Read More

Optical multiplexing developments like Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) and Thick Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) are utilized to extend the capacity of fiber-optic networks. CWDM livelihoods a little number of wavelengths scattered 20nm separated to transmit signals over a single fiber, whereas DWDM businesses a more noteworthy number of wavelengths scattered since it was 0.8nm confined for higher bandwidth. While both improvements combine particular signals onto a single fiber, there are one or two noteworthy contrasts between them. In this article, we'll investigate the contrasts between CWDM and DWDM. CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) CWDM technology uses a ... Read More

The LAN switches and SAN switches are two different types of switches that are used for different requirements. LAN switches are mostly used in Local Area Networks to establish connections between computers, printers, etc. in one particular single location. They establish communication and manage network traffic within a network. SAN switches are used in Storage Area Networks. They are used to establish the connection between storage devices like tape libraries and disk arrays. The function of SAN switches is to provide storage and retrieval of information efficiently and to make sure that the data is available to the servers ... Read More

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of connected devices that can communicate with each other, share data, and perform tasks without human intervention. The importance of communication in IoT cannot be overstated, as it is the foundation on which the entire system is built. The devices that make up the IoT ecosystem need to be able to communicate with each other in order to function properly and achieve their intended purpose. Effective communication in IoT enables devices to share data, receive instructions, and respond to requests in a timely and accurate manner. This is critical for the successful ... Read More

Subnetting Subnetting is the technique of dividing a huge network into many smaller parts, these logical divisions in an IP network reduce the network traffic and also achieve better performance of the network path. This is used in large organizations when many host devices are connected to a single network where the routing process is carried out during traffic and also increases security. Each device connected to the subnet communicates with one another by using routers. An IP address is used to classify devices on the network which has two parts, the first part represents a network of the address ... Read More

Multicast and broadcast are two often used terms in computer networks and refer to two different methods of transferring data from one source host to multiple destination hosts. Multicast means sending data from one source host to a particular group of hosts, while the broadcast is sending a data packet to all the hosts which are present in the same network. The same network means the network of the source host. In this article, we will be exploring the differences between the broadcast and Multicast in detail, as their benefits, drawbacks, and the situation in which one method is preferred ... Read More

Introduction In the world of computer networking, ports play a crucial role in facilitating communication between different devices. A port can be defined as a logical channel through which information streams between two devices. Each port has a unique number assigned to it, known as a port number. Understanding port numbers and their comparing administrations is fundamental for anybody who works with computer systems. In this article, we'll examine 50 of the most common ports that you should know. These ports are assembled into different types based on their characteristics and utilization. We'll investigate their highlights, significance, and centrality in ... Read More

The Adhoc network is a wireless link connected without any fixed infrastructure or infrastructures. Communication is established instantly whenever needed. The node access each other in the network without a base station or fixed station access point. Also, the network is distributed in the local area network. Each node uses radio waves to communicate with each other. Eg:- WLAN, GSM, etc. In a multi-hop distributed architecture, the terminals are connected. The nodes operate for routing, securing, key management, and addressing in an ad-hoc wireless network that does not have a centralized system. The transmission occurs through intermediate nodes from the ... Read More