To extract columns from an R data frame having at least one non-duplicate, we can use Filter function.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains some columns having duplicate values and columns that do not contains at least one non-duplicate then we can extract columns having at least one non-duplicate by using the below command −Filter(var,df)Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1

To create bar plot for grouped data in base R, we can create the table for both the columns and then use beside argument of barplot function to create the bar plot. To differentiate between the bars, we need to set legend argument to TRUE as well. To understand how it can be done check out the below Example.ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −G

If we want to check a condition and the Output based on that condition needs to be a matrix then we can use if else function in R.For Example, if we have a value say V = 5 and we want to get matrix M1 if V is equal to 5 and matrix M2 if V is not equal to 5 then we can use the below command −if (V == 5) M1 else M2ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample matrices −M1

To create normal probability plot in R with confidence interval bands, we can use qqPlot function of QTLRel package. We simply need to pass the vector name that contains normal distribution values inside qqPlot function or directly introduce the vector inside the function as shown in the below given examples.Example 1Use the following code to create normal probability plot −library("QTLRel") qqPlot(rnorm(10))OutputIf you execute the above given snippet, it generates the following Output −Example 2Add the following code to the above snippet to create normal probability plot −qqPlot(rnorm(500)) OutputIf you execute the above given snippet, it generates the following Output −Example ... Read More

If we have a categorical column in an R data frame then it can be used to create an ID column where each category will have its own ID defined on the basis of categories in the categorical column.For this purpose, we would need to read the categorical column with as.factor and as.numeric function as shown in the below examples.Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −Group

By default, the distance/space between facets created by using ggplot2 is very less and it becomes a little uneasy for viewers to separately read the facets. Therefore, to deal with this problem we can increase the space between facets and it can be done with the help of theme function as shown in the example below.ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame &miuns;x

To find the column mean of all matrices stored in an R list, we can use sapply function along with colMeans function.For example, if we have a list called LIST that contains some matrices then the col means for each matrix can be found by using the commandsapply(LIST,colMeans)Check out the below example to understand how it works.ExampleFollowing snippet creates list of matrices −M1

We can find the total number of elements for a matrix with the help of prod and dim function as shown in the below Examples. To create a matrix for odd number of elements by filling the last element with NA, we can use byrow argument.For Example, if we have a vector called V that contains 19 elements then we can create a matrix called M having 20 elements NA as the last element by using the below command −M

To randomly assign participants to groups, we can use sample function.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column say Employee_ID and we want to create five groups that are stored in a vector say Grp then random assignment of participants to values in Grp can be done by using the command given below −df$Grp

To create an integer column in an R data frame with leading zeros, we can use sprintf function.For Example, if we want to create a data frame column having values starting from 1 to 10 and we want to have 1 as 01 and so on then we can use the command given below −data.frame(x=sprintf('%0.2d',1:10))Check out the Examples given below to understand how it works.Example 1To create an integer column in an R data frame with leading zeros, use the command given below −df1