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Introduction Data analysis plays a crucial role in today's data-driven world. It involves extracting valuable insights from large and complex datasets to make informed decisions. R is a powerful programming language and software environment widely used for statistical computing and graphics. In this article, we will explore the fundamentals of data analysis with R, its benefits, and various techniques used in the process. What is R? R is an open-source programming language and software environment specifically designed for statistical computing and graphics. It provides a wide range of tools for data manipulation, visualization, and statistical analysis. R is highly extensible ... Read More
A transfer neural network is a deep learning architecture that handles long-range dependencies well, as was first described in Vaswani et al's 2017 paper "All you need is attention.". The self-attention mechanism of transformer networks allows them to identify relevant parts of input sequences. What are Recurrent Neural Networks? Recurrent neural networks are artificial neural networks that have memory or feedback loops. They are designed to process and classify sequential data in which the order of the data points is important. The network works by feeding the input data into a hidden layer, allowing the network to maintain information ... Read More
Encoding and decoding Base64 strings is a common task in Python programming. Base64 encoding is used to convert binary data into a format that can be transmitted over the internet, while decoding is used to convert the Base64-encoded data back to its original format. In this article, we will explore how to encode and decode Base64 strings in Python, including the different methods and libraries available. Understanding Base64 Encoding Base64 encoding is a binary-to-text encoding scheme that represents binary data in an ASCII string format. It is often used to transmit data over the internet or store data in a ... Read More
TFlearn is an open-source deep-learning library built on the TensorFlow framework. It provides a high-level API with which it is easy to create and train different neural network models. It provides an array of pre-existing models such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Neural Networks (DNN), and many other models. It also includes a variety of activation functions such as ReLU (Rectified Linear Units), softmax, and also loss functions such as categorical cross-entropy and so on. TfLearn is an ideal library for beginners due to not requiring extensive knowledge of Neural Network APIs in TensorFlow. It is a simple, easy-to-use ... Read More
PyTorch, an open-source machine learning framework, is widely used in academic research and industries. It offers ample tools and libraries to build and train neural networks effectively. Tensors in PyTorch In PyTorch, a tensor is a multidimensional array of values that can be used to represent data for machine learning models. Dimensions may vary as 1D, 2D, 3D, and so on, totally depending on the complexity of the data they represent. Let's take an example, a 1D tensor can be used to represent a sequence of values, such as time-series data, whereas a 2D tensor can be used to represent ... Read More
In this article, we will learn how to compare two cell arrays of strings of different sizes in MATLAB. Cell Array of Strings In MATLAB, a cell array of strings is a data structure that can store different types of elements. The element of a cell array are enclosed within curly braces `{}`. Syntax We can use the following syntax to create a cell array of strings, A = {'string1', 'string2', 'string3', …'stringN'}; Here, `A` is a cell array of strings that contains N string elements namely, `string1`, `string2`, …, `stringN`. In MATLAB, the cell arrays of strings are ... Read More
Machine learning uses the mathematical approach of Singular value decomposition to comprehend huge and complicated data sets. In this mathematical approach, a Unique Valued matrix A is factorized into three matrices via decomposition. In terms of the components of A, the Singular value decomposition of matrix A can be written as A=UDVT. In this case, S denotes A's singular values, whereas U and V stand for A's left and right singular vectors, respectively. Mathematical Algorithm Given Matrix A find the Transpose of matrix A that is (AT). Find A*AT Find the Eigen Vector of A*AT ... Read More
In an image, a boundary is an element that separates an object from the background of the image or two different regions within an image. Boundary provides information about the shape and structure of objects present in the image. Boundaries are mainly classified into the following two types: Inner Boundary It is the boundary of an object within an image that separates it from the image background. The inner boundary is basically the outline of the object and provides information about the shape of the object. Therefore, by extracting the inner boundary of an object, we can identify and analyze ... Read More
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised algorithm used widely in handwriting recognition, sentiment analysis and many more. To separate different classes, SVM calculates the optimal hyperplane that more or less accurately creates a margin between the two classes. Here are a few ways to separate hyperplanes in SVM. Data Processing − SVM requires data that is normalised, scaled and centred since they are sensitive to such features. Choose a Kernel − A kernel function is used to transform the input into a higher dimensional space. Some of them include linear, polynomial and radial base functions. Let ... Read More
An optical or visual phenomenon that creates the perception of distortion, movement or any other type of fascinating visual effect by using back and white patterns is referred to as back and white optical illusion. These back and white patterns utilize the way our eyes and brain process the visual information and create an illusion to mislead our perception. The back and white optical illusions use various black and white patterns, shapes, and lines arranged in a specific style. These arrangements are made such that they can create illusion of movement, distortion, depth, and more. In this article, we will ... Read More