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The excess-3 code (or XS3) is a non-weighted code used to express code used to express decimal numbers. It is a self-complementary binary coded decimal (BCD) code and numerical system which has biased representation. It is particularly significant for arithmetic operations as it overcomes shortcoming encountered while using 8421 BCD code to add two decimal digits whose sum exceeds 9. Excess-3 arithmetic uses different algorithm than normal non-biased BCD or binary positional number system.Representation of Excess-3 CodeExcess-3 codes are unweighted and can be obtained by adding 3 to each decimal digit then it can be represented by using 4 bit ... Read More
The data that a user enters into multiple pages of a website can be saved using a combination of cookies and sessions. Cookies and sessions are both vitally important since they record the data that the user has provided for a variety of purposes.Cookies and Sessions are used to store information. Cookies are only stored on the client-side machine, while sessions get stored on the client as well as the server.Read through this article to find out more about cookies and sessions and how they are different from each other.What is a Cookie?Cookies are little text-based files that are kept ... Read More
In this section, we will see how to connect a stepper motor with Intel 8051 Microcontroller. Before discussing the interfacing techniques, we will see what are the stepper motors and how they work.Stepper MotorStepper motors are used to translate electrical pulses into mechanical movements. In some disk drives, dot matrix printers, and some other different places the stepper motors are used. The main advantage of using the stepper motor is the position control. Stepper motors generally have a permanent magnet shaft (rotor), and it is surrounded by a stator. Normal motor shafts can move freely but the stepper motor shafts move ... Read More
Stack is also known as the Last In First Out (LIFO) list. It is the most important feature in the CPU. It saves data such that the element stored last is retrieved first. A stack is a memory unit with an address register. This register influence the address for the stack, which is known as Stack Pointer (SP). The stack pointer continually influences the address of the element that is located at the top of the stack.It can insert an element into or delete an element from the stack. The insertion operation is known as push operation and the deletion ... Read More
Nmap is a free open source tool, employed to discover hosts and services on a computer network by sending packets and analyzing the retrieved responses. Nmap offers some features for probing computer networks, including host discovery and service and operating system detection.Nmap can provide further information on targets, including reverse DNS names, device types, and MAC addresses.Host discovery – Identifying hosts on a network. For example, listing the hosts that respond to TCP and/or ICMP requests or have a particular port open.Port scanning – Enumerating the open ports on target hosts.OS detection – Determining the operating system and hardware characteristics ... Read More
Classful AddressThe first addressing system to be implemented as part of the Internet Protocol was Classful Addressing. In the year 1981, the Classful addressing network architecture was first used on the Internet. The Classful addressing system was superseded by a Classless addressing scheme with the introduction of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993.The IP address comprises up of 32 bits and is split into four sections separated by dots: part 1, part 2, part 3, and part 4.The IP address is made up of four parts, each of which is eight bits long (1 byte).Further, the 4 parts of the ... Read More
It is common to show the date and time on the web or mobile application. As a user, have you ever seen any application which shows the date object as it is? It will never happen because it makes UX worst. So, we need to convert the date object to a string. After converting the date object to a string, we can format it according to our needs. The date format means ‘yyyy-mm-dd’, ‘dd-mm-yyyy’, etc. Also, we can do the same with the time string. We can display the hours, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds according to the need. In this ... Read More
Wireless LANs are those Local Area Networks that use high frequency radio waves instead of cables for connecting the devices in LAN. Users connected by WLANs can move around within the area of network coverage. Most WLANs are based upon the standard IEEE 802.11 or WiFi.IEEE 802.11 ArchitectureThe components of an IEEE 802.11 architecture are as follows1) Stations (STA) − Stations comprise all devices and equipments that are connected to the wireless LAN. A station can be of two types:Wireless Access Pointz (WAP) − WAPs or simply access points (AP) are generally wireless routers that form the base stations or ... Read More
BCNF (Boyce Codd Normal Form) is the advanced version of 3NF. A table is in BCNF if every functional dependency X->Y, X is the super key of the table. For BCNF, the table should be in 3NF, and for every FD. LHS is super key.ExampleConsider a relation R with attributes (student, subject, teacher).StudentTeacherSubjectJhansiP.NareshDatabasejhansiK.DasCsubbuP.NareshDatabasesubbuR.PrasadCF: { (student, Teacher) -> subject (student, subject) -> Teacher Teacher -> subject}Candidate keys are (student, teacher) and (student, subject).The above relation is in 3NF [since there is no transitive dependency]. A relation R is in BCNF if for every non-trivial FD X->Y, X must be a key.The ... Read More
The ERROR 1064 (42000) mainly occurs when the syntax isn’t set correctly i.e. error in applying the backtick symbol or while creating a database without them can also create an error, if you will use hyphen in the name, for example, Demo-Table will result in ERROR 1064 (42000).To remove the error, you need to use backtick around the database name properly or use nothing. Following is the syntax wherein we haven’t used the backtick. This works correctly −create database yourDatabaseName;Since adding hyhen to the database name will result in an error. Let us implement it while creating the database name ... Read More