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The reference data type in C# does not have the actual data stored in a variable, but they contain a reference to the variables.In C#, the following are the built-in reference types −Object TypeThe Object Type is the ultimate base class for all data types in C# Common Type System (CTS). The object types can be assigned values of any other types, value types, reference types, predefined or user-defined types.Exampleobject ob; ob = 250; // boxingDynamic TypeStore any type of value in the dynamic data type variable. Type checking for these types of variables takes place at run-time.Exampledynamic d = ... Read More
Mixed arrays are a combination of multi-dimension arrays and jagged arrays.Note − The mixed arrays type is obsolete now since .NET 4.0 update removed it.Let us see how you can declare a mixed array −var x = new object[] {89, 45, "jacob", 9.8}We can also set them as −var x = new object[] {87, 33, "tim", 6.7, new List() {"football", "tennis", "squash", “cricket”} }Since, mixed arrays are obslete now. For the same work, use the List collection. Here, we have set int and string in the list −Tuple tuple = new Tuple(60, "John");The same example is displayed below:using System; using ... Read More
Like any other object-oriented language, C# also has object and classes. Objects are real-world entities and instance of a class. Access the members of the class using an object.To access the class members, you need to use the dot (.) operator after the object name. The dot operator links the name of an object with the name of a member, for example, Box b1 = new Box();Above you can see Box1 is our object. We will use it to access the members −b1.height = 7.0;You can also use it to call member functions −b1.getVolume();The following is an example showing how ... Read More
The object types can be assigned values of any other types, value types, reference types, predefined or user-defined types. However, before assigning values, it needs type conversion.The Object Type is the ultimate base class for all data types in C# Common Type System (CTS). Object is an alias for System.Object class.When a value type is converted to object type, it is called boxing and on the other hand, when an object type is converted to a value type, it is called unboxing.The following is an example −object obj; obj = 100; // this is boxingHere is the complete example showing ... Read More
A namespace inside a namespace is called a nested namespace in C#. This is mainly done to properly structure your code.We have an outer namespace −namespace outer {}Within that, we have an inner namespace inside the outer namespace −namespace inner { public class innerClass { public void display() { Console.WriteLine("Inner Namespace"); } } }Now to call the method of inner namespace, set a class object of the inner class and call the method as shown in the below example −namespace outer { class Program { ... Read More
A process is an active program i.e a program that is under execution. It contains the program code, program counter, process stack, registers etc.Process StatesThe different states that a process is in during its execution are explained using the following diagram −New- The process is in new state when it has just been created.Ready - The process is waiting to be assigned the processor by the short term scheduler.Running - The process instructions are being executed by the processor.Waiting - The process is waiting for some event such as I/O to occur.Terminated - The process has completed its execution.Process Control ... Read More
Ternary operator is a Conditional operator in C#. It takes three arguments and evaluates a Boolean expression.For example −y = (z == 1) ? 100 : 180;Above, if the first operand evaluates to true (1), the second operand is evaluated. If the first operand evaluates to false (0), the third operand is evaluated.The following is an example −Exampleusing System; namespace Demo { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { int x, y; x = 25; y = (x == 25) ? 20 : 30; Console.WriteLine("Value of x = {0}", y); y = (x == 1) ? 50 : 90; Console.WriteLine("Value of y = {0}", y); Console.ReadLine(); } } }Above we have two conditions using the ternary operators −y = (x == 25) ? 20 : 30; y = (x == 1) ? 50 : 90;
A lambda expression in C# describes a pattern. It has the token => in an expression context. This is read as “goes to” operator and used when a lambda expression is declared.The following is an example showing how to use lambda expressions in C# −Example Live Demousing System; using System.Collections.Generic; class Demo { static void Main() { List list = new List() { 21, 17, 40, 11, 9 }; int res = list.FindIndex(x => x % 2 == 0); Console.WriteLine("Index: "+res); } }OutputIndex: 2Above, we saw the usage of ... Read More
HashtableA hash table is used when you need to access elements by using key, and you can identify a useful key value. Each item in the hash table has a key/value pair. The key is used to access the items in the collection.The members in a Hashtable are thread safe. It returns null if we try to find a key that does not exist. Hashtable is not a generic type.The Hashtable collection is slower than dictionary because it requires boxing and unboxing.To declare a Hashtable −Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();DictionaryDictionary is a collection of keys and values in C#. Dictionary ... Read More
Firstly, set a character−char ch = 'K';Now simply increment it like this −ch++;If you will print the character now, it would be the next character as shown in the following example −Example Live Demousing System; using System.Collections.Generic; class Demo { static void Main() { char ch = 'K'; Console.WriteLine("Initial character:"+ch); // increment character ch++; Console.WriteLine("New character:"+ch); } }OutputInitial character:K New character:L