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Articles by Rishi Raj
77 articles
Architecture of the Internet
The architecture of the Internet is a dynamic, multi-layered structure that continuously evolves with advancing technologies and changing service demands. Due to its heterogeneous nature and vast scale, the Internet's architecture can be best understood through a hierarchical model. Three-Level Internet Architecture The Internet's overall architecture consists of three distinct levels: Tier-1 ISPs (Backbone Internet Service Providers) Tier-2 ISPs (Regional Internet Service Providers) Tier-3 ISPs and End Users (Local ISPs and Clients) Internet Architecture Hierarchy Tier-1 ISPs (Backbone Networks) ...
Read MoreThe Transport Layer in TCP/IP Model
The transport layer is responsible for error-free, end-to-end delivery of data from the source host to the destination host. It corresponds to the transport layer of the OSI model and serves as a critical interface between application processes and the underlying network infrastructure. The functions of the transport layer are − It facilitates the communicating hosts to carry on a conversation by establishing logical connections between applications. It provides an interface for the users to the underlying network, abstracting network complexity from applications. It can provide for a reliable connection and carries out error checking, flow control, ...
Read MoreWhat is RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol)?
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) is a transport layer protocol used to reserve network resources and ensure Quality of Service (QoS) for Internet applications. It operates over Internet Protocol (IP) and uniquely initiates resource reservations from the receiver's end, making it a receiver-oriented signaling protocol. RSVP enables applications to request specific network performance guarantees such as bandwidth, delay, and jitter control. This makes it particularly valuable for real-time applications like video conferencing, VoIP, and streaming media that require consistent network performance. Key Features Receiver-oriented signaling − The receiver initiates and maintains resource reservations, not the sender. ...
Read MoreWide Area Network (WAN)
A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographical area comprising a region, a country, a continent, or even the whole world. WAN includes the technologies to transmit data, image, audio, and video information over long distances and among different LANs and MANs. The Internet is the largest and most well-known example of a WAN. Organizations use WANs to connect their branch offices, data centers, and cloud services spread across different cities or countries. Distinguishing Features of WAN Large capacity and scalability − WANs connect a large number of computers ...
Read MoreLocal Area Networks
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a private network that connects computers and devices within a limited area like a residence, an office, a building, or a campus. On a small scale, LANs are used to connect personal computers to printers. However, LANs can also extend to a few kilometers when used by companies, where a large number of computers share a variety of resources like hardware (e.g., printers, scanners, audiovisual devices), software (e.g., application programs), and data. Distinguishing Features of LAN Limited geographic scope − Network size is limited to a small geographical area, presently ...
Read MoreHow to use splash vector graphics on your Responsive Site?
Vector graphics like SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) are perfect for responsive websites because they maintain crisp quality at any screen size while keeping file sizes small. Unlike raster images that become pixelated when scaled, SVG graphics are resolution-independent and adapt beautifully to different devices and screen densities. SVG files are particularly effective for backgrounds, icons, illustrations, and decorative elements on responsive sites. They load faster than high-resolution bitmap images and provide consistent visual quality across all devices. Why Use SVG for Responsive Design SVG offers several advantages for responsive websites − Resolution independence − SVG ...
Read MoreHow to give a limit to the input field in HTML?
The HTML tag is used to collect user input in web forms. To give a limit to the input field, use the min and max attributes, which specify the minimum and maximum values for an input field respectively. The min and max attributes work with number, range, date, datetime-local, month, time, and week input types. These attributes help validate user input on the client side and provide better user experience by preventing invalid entries. Syntax Following is the syntax for setting input limits using the min and max attributes − For ...
Read MoreHow to use JavaScript to redirect an HTML page?
You might have encountered a situation where you clicked a URL to reach a page X but internally you were directed to another page Y. It happens due to page redirection. JavaScript provides several methods to redirect users from one page to another. This is commonly used for routing users after form submissions, authentication, or when content has moved to a new location. Methods for Page Redirection There are three main ways to redirect pages using JavaScript: Using window.location.href The most common method assigns a new URL to window.location.href: ...
Read MoreHow to set the left position of a positioned element with JavaScript?
To set the left position of a positioned element in JavaScript, use the style.left property. This property works on elements that have a CSS position value of absolute, relative, or fixed. Syntax element.style.left = "value"; The value can be specified in pixels (px), percentages (%), or other CSS units like em, rem, etc. Example Here's how to change the left position of a button when clicked: #myButton { ...
Read MoreHow to set the minimum width of an element with JavaScript?
Use the minWidth property in JavaScript to set the minimum width of an element. This property ensures an element maintains at least the specified width, even when its content or CSS would make it smaller. Syntax element.style.minWidth = "value"; The value can be specified in pixels (px), percentages (%), or other CSS units like em, rem, or vw. Example: Setting Minimum Width #box { width: 50%; ...
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