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If there are missing values in a vector then the plot of such vector will not have all the values, only the non−missing values will be shown. If we want to create the plot by adding the missing values in the plot then we need to define the X−axis for the length of the vector and the Y−axis with the actual vector using cbind but missing values will be omitted as shown in the below example.Example Live Demox
Whenever we print any vector then the left-hand side of the R window shows indexing, even if we have one value in the vector the index will be there. For example, if we print a vector that has value equal to 2 then the print output will be [1] 2, here [1] represents the index. If we want to print the vector without index then cat function can be used as shown in the below examples.Example1 Live Demox1
The exponential numbers are also called scientific numbers and these numbers have exponent representation by the letter e. For example, a number 12340000 can be represented as 1.234e + 107. We can round this to 1.2e + 107 and in R it can be done with the help of singif function.Example1 Live Demox1
We know that some years are leap years and some are normal years. The leap years have 366 days and the normal years have 365 days. To create a vector with all dates in a particular year we can use first date and the last date of the year by reading them with as.Date and creating a sequence with seq function. Check out the below examples to understand how it is done.Example1Creating a vector with dates in year 2020 − Live Demoseq(as.Date("2020-01-01"), as.Date("2020-12-31"), by="1 day")Output[1] "2020−01−01" "2020−01−02" "2020−01−03" "2020−01−04" "2020−01−05" [6] "2020−01−06" "2020−01−07" "2020−01−08" "2020−01−09" "2020−01−10" [11] "2020−01−11" "2020−01−12" "2020−01−13" "2020−01−14" ... Read More
The default color of labels is black but we might want to change that color to something else so that we can get attention of the viewer to the labels if it is needed. To change the color of X-axis label using ggplot2, we can use theme function that has axis.title.x argument which can be used for changing the color of the label values.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demox
The extraction of column names that do not have missing values can be done with the help of colnames function along with the complete.cases function. The complete.cases function will extract the columns that do not have missing values then colnames will extract those column names only.Example1Consider the below data frame − Live Demox1
Most European countries use a comma in place of a decimal. Therefore, if we have a data set that contains dot as a decimal market and we need to use that four such European countries or if dot is recorded in place of comma then we can replace the dot with comma using format function as shown in the below examples.Example1 Live DemoConsider the below data frame −x1
To create the legend for a plot in base R, we can use legend function and if the background color of the legends needs to be changed from white to any other then bg argument in legend function will be used. For example, to change the background color to red then we can use bg="red".Example1 Live Demoplot(1:10) legend("right",legend="point chart",bg="blue")OutputExample2 Live Demoplot(1:10) legend("right",legend="point chart",bg="light green")OutputExample3 Live Demoplot(1:10) legend("left",legend="point chart",bg="light grey")Output
The default width of the median line is wider than the rest of the lines that represent minimum, first quartile, third quartile or maximum but we can make it a little wider to make it more appealing. This can be done with the help of fatten argument inside geom_boxplot function, the default value of fatten is 2.Example Live DemoConsider the below data frame −x
To color the points in a scatterplot using ggplot2, we can use colour argument inside geom_point with aes. The color can be passed in multiple ways, one such way is to name the particular color and the other way is to giving a range or using a variable. If range or a variable will be used then the color of the points will be in different shades.Example Live DemoConsider the below data frame −x