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Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974. Engineer Bob Metcalfe invented it for interconnecting advanced computer workstations, making it possible to send data to one another and to high-speed laser printers.It was originally intended to create a network in a small area known as a Local Area Network (LAN).In 1983 the first iteration of Ethernet 10Base 5, was released.In 1985 thin coaxial cable was approved and the group made changes to the specification in 1987, 1990 and 1993.In 1995 so called Fast Ethernet introduced it contains speed and duplex mode (both side transmitting at same time)In 1998 ... Read More
Protocols in which stations listen for a carrier and act accordingly are called Carrier Sense Protocols. Multiple Access tells the fact that multiple nodes send and receive on the medium.Transmissions of one node are received by all other nodes using the medium. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a probabilistic Media Access Control (MAC) protocol in which a node verifies the absence of other traffic before transmitting on a shared physical medium, such as an electrical bus, or a band of electromagnetic spectrum.Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) ProtocolsThe three protocols that discuss the various implementations are as follows −1-persistent CSMANon- ... Read More
The collision free protocols are of three type and they are as follows −Bit map protocolToken passingBinary countdownNow let see about binary countdown protocol −Binary CountdownThe binary countdown is explained below in stepwise manner −Step 1 − A problem with the bit map protocol and token passing is that overhead is 1 bit per station, so bitmap and token passing will not suit the networks with thousands of stations.Step 2 − A station wants to use the channel. It has to broadcast its address as a binary bit string starting with a high order bit.Step 3 − All addresses are ... Read More
Bit map protocol is called collision free Protocol. In bitmap protocol, each contention period consists of exactly N slots. If any station has to send a frame, then it transmits a 1 bit in the respective slot.Bitmap AlgorithmThe algorithm of Bit Map protocol is explained below −Step 1 − We use the bitmap or the bit vector which represents a finite set of distinct integers.Step 2 − To sort the array of integers, initialization of the array size to the specified range is needed and then fill it with zeroes which is a default value in the program followed by ... Read More
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a random-access protocol (multiple access protocol) that is used to minimise the chance of collision and increase performance. The main principle used is 'sense before transmit'. CSMA is using a shared medium which means any data passed with a common interconnection network.The Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocol is diagrammatically represented as follows −Suppose the sender places a frame without sensing the status of the channel it will lead a collision with other nodes, if the other node also sends frames to the shared memory. So we sense before transmitting.There are mainly two conditions ... Read More
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a random-access protocol (multiple access protocol) that is used to minimise the chance of collision and increase performance. The main principle used is 'sense before transmit'. CSMA is using a shared medium which means any data passed with a common interconnection network.The Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocol is diagrammatically represented as follows −Suppose the sender places a frame without sensing the status of the channel it will lead a collision with other nodes, if the other node also sends frames to the shared memory. So we sense before transmitting.There are mainly two conditions ... Read More
Aloha is a packet switching system. The time interval required to transmit one packet is called a slot. Aloha is a random access technique.There are two ALOHA protocols as follows −Pure ALOHASlotted ALOHANow let us see what Slotted ALOHA is −Slotted ALOHAThe slotted ALOHA is explained below in stepwise manner −Step 1 − Slotted ALOHA was introduced to improve the efficiency of pure ALOHA, because in pure ALOHA there is a high chance of collision.Step 2 − In this protocol, the time of the shared channel is divided into discrete intervals called as slots.Step 3 − The stations can send ... Read More
Multiple access protocols are generally used to coordinate access to link, here nodes can regulate their transmission onto the shared broadcast channels by using multiple access protocol, It is used on both wired and wireless LAN and satellite network.Multiple nodes can transmit frames at the same time, if so the transmitted frame collides at the entire receiver. When there is a collision, there is no acknowledgement to the receiver that the frame is transmitted or not.Thus, all frames involved in the collision are lost, and the broadcast channel is wasted during the collision interval. To rectify this problem Multiple Access ... Read More
In wireless networks, a channel can be allocated between source and destination, and in between source and destination each router is connected to its neighbour router in peer to peer manner, the whole channel consists of a number of routers.So some of the channels are used for static routing and some of them are for dynamic routing schemes.Types of Channel AllocationThe different types of channel allocation schemes are as follows −Static channel allocationDynamic channel allocationHybrid channel allocationNow let us discuss dynamic channel allocation.Dynamic channel allocationIn this channel an interface can switch from one channel to another channel frequently. The dynamic ... Read More
In wireless networks, a channel can be allocated between source and destination, and in between source and destination each router is connected to its neighbour router in peer to peer manner, the whole channel consists of a number of routers.So some of the channels are used for static routing and some of them are for dynamic routing schemes.Types of Channel AllocationThe different types of channel allocation schemes are as follows −Static channel allocationDynamic channel allocationHybrid channel allocationNow let us discuss about static channel allocation −Static channel allocationThe process of static channel allocation scheme is explained below in a stepwise manner ... Read More