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Fourier TransformFor a continuous-time function $x(t)$, the Fourier transform is defined as, $$\mathrm{X(\omega)=\int_{−\infty }^{\infty}x(t)e^{−j\omega t}\:dt}$$Fourier Transform of Unit Step FunctionThe unit step function is defined as, $$\mathrm{u(t)=\begin{cases}1 & for\:t≥ 0\0 & for\:t< 0\end{cases}}$$Because the unit step function is not absolutely integrable, thus its Fourier transform cannot be found directly.In order to find the Fourier transform of the unit step function, express the unit step function in terms of signum function as$$\mathrm{u(t)=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}sgn(t)=\frac{1}{2}[1+sgn(t)]}$$Given that$$\mathrm{x(t)=u(t)=\frac{1}{2}[1+sgn(t)]}$$Now, from the definition of the Fourier transform, we have, $$\mathrm{F[u(t)]=X(\omega)=\int_{−\infty }^{\infty}x(t)e^{-j\omega t} dt=\int_{−\infty }^{\infty} u(t)e^{-j\omega t} dt}$$$$\mathrm{\Rightarrow\:X(\omega)=\int_{−\infty }^{\infty} \frac{1}{2}[1+sgn(t)]e^{-j\omega t}dt}$$$$\mathrm{\Rightarrow\:X(\omega)=\frac{1}{2}\left [ \int_{−\infty }^{\infty} 1 \cdot e^{-j\omega t} dt ... Read More
Dynamic TestingIn software testing, dynamic testing is a method or technique performed to test the dynamic behavior of the software code. This testing is performed mainly to test the behavior of the software product with dynamic variables or variables that are not constant and to detect the weak or vulnerable areas in the software runtime environment. The software code should be executed to test the dynamic behavior of the software product.Testing takes 2 Vs to complete the testing process and combines verification and validation. Of these 2 Vs, verification is known as static testing, and validation is referred to as ... Read More
The Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is a term that refers to the process of testing software.The Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is a set of actions that are carried out during the testing process to guarantee that software quality objectives are satisfied. Both verification and validation are part of the STLC process. Software testing is not merely a single/isolated operation, contrary to the common notions. It comprises a set of operations that are carried out in a methodical manner to assist with the certification of your software product. Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is an acronym for Software Testing ... Read More
What is a Project Management Life Cycle?The Project Management Life Cycle is a set of tasks that must be completed in order for a project's goals or targets to be met. It's a structure that outlines the steps involved in turning an idea into a reality. Projects may have various dimensions and degrees of complexity, but they can all be mapped to the Project Management life cycle framework, regardless of their size.What is a Project Management Life Cycle, and how does it work?Phases of the Project Management Life CyclePhase One: BeginPhase of PreparationPhase of ExecutionPhases of monitoring, controlling, and closingPhases ... Read More
Greybox testing (GBT) is a software testing method that includes judging a software program based on a limited understanding of its core functions. It is a combination of the two since it offers access to internal coding to construct test cases as white box testing and testing techniques are performed at the functionality level as black-box testing.GreyBox testing (GBT) is a popular method for identifying contextspecific issues in online applications. For example, if a tester finds a fault during testing, he fixes the code and retests it in real time. In order to improve testing coverage, it focuses on all ... Read More
Front-end TestingFront end testing is an approach or a technique in which we test the GUI (graphical user interface), functionalities and usage of a web application or a software. The aim of performing front end testing is to test all the functionalities in order to ensure that the presentation layer of the application or software under testing is free of defects or bugs.Consider, you enter your details into the frontend of a web application, however numbers should not be accepted. Another similar example would be to check the alignment of the graphical user interface (GUI) elements.Front end testing is performed ... Read More
What does the Test Case entail?A test case is a set of criteria that a tester uses to verify whether or not a software application is meeting the customer's requirements.Preconditions, case name, input conditions, and intended outcome are all included in the test case design. A test case is a basic activity that is derived from test scenarios.It is a comprehensive document that comprises all potential inputs (both positive and negative) as well as navigation instructions for the test execution process. Writing test cases is a one-time effort that may be reused for regression testing in the future.The test case ... Read More
What are the different types of software testing techniques?Software Testing Techniques assist you in creating more effective test cases. Manual Testing Techniques help reduce the number of test cases to be executed while increasing test coverage because exhaustive testing is not possible. They aid in the detection of test circumstances that might otherwise be difficult to detect.Boundary Values Analysis (BVA)Boundary value analysis is a type of testing that takes place at the intersections of partitions. Maximum, minimum, inside or outside boundaries, typical values, and error values are all included.The limits of the defined input values, rather than the center, are ... Read More
A semaphore is a shared variable which is used to implement mutual exclusion between system processes. It is mainly helpful to solve critical section problems and is a technique to achieve process synchronization.There are two types of semaphores which are as follows −Binary semaphore − Can take only two values, 0 or 1 which means at a time only one process can enter into the critical section. Semaphore is initialized to 1.Counting semaphore − Can take any non-negative value N which means at a time at most N processes can enter into CS. Semaphore is initialized to N.Critical section is ... Read More
Linux File Hierarchy Structure is defining the directory structure and the contents of the directory which have been alike to the Unix-like Operating Systems. It is maintained by the Linux Foundation.They are being used for looking at all files and the directories which appear under the root directory. They can be looked upon even if they have been stored on different physical or virtual devices.Even if some of these directories only exist on the particular systems or certain subsystems that can include the OS X, Windows System is installed.ImportanceThe importance of file hierarchy structure is given below −The biggest importance ... Read More