Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
Financial decision-making is one of the most integral parts of the overall business management of a company. The decisions made by a financial department of a company have to be under the framework of overall corporate objectives and policies. A finance department cannot take decisions that are not in sync with the corporate policies of a business concern.The decisions in financial management have been categorized into three parts −Investment decisionsFinancial DecisionsDividend decisionsThe investment decisions are related to assets in which the company will invest its funds. The assets that can be acquired within investment decisions are broadly divided into two ... Read More
Capital gearing and income gearing differ in the sense of their application, as the calculation of the two are different from each other. The measures of financial leverage, namely debt ratio and debt-equity ratio are related to capital gearing; whereas the interest coverage ratio is a measure of income gearing.Capital GearingCapital gearing measures are static in nature. Therefore, they are incapable of stating the financial risks an investor or a company may face in the long term.It also does not represent the true condition of a company’s financials and hence misses to report the repayments or payments of interests.Income GearingThere ... Read More
While computing the net cash flows, in theory, it is assumed that all revenues are received in cash and all expenses are paid in cash. However, in practice, cash receipts and cash payments are different from revenues and expenses as noted in the profit and loss account. This change is primarily caused by changes in accounts receivable (trade debtors), accounts payable (trade creditors), and stock of goods (inventory).It is also impossible for firms to make all payments and receipts in cash and in such situations, changes must be done in the calculation of net cash inflow from operations.It is notable ... Read More
Sunk costs and allocated overheads are important topics in the evaluation of an investment. Sunk costs need to be ignored while making a new decision, whereas the allocated overheads are not quite good for cash flow estimations. Let’s have a bit more detailed study of these two factors that affect an evaluation of investments.Sunk CostsSunk costs are funds that have been invested in the past that will make no difference to a current decision of funding a new project. The latter part is of importance to financial analysts and accountants because it shows the actual way a business must go ... Read More
Capital budgeting is an intricate process that a company follows to make the most out of it. The capital budgeting process needs enough decisions making which must be correct and closely followed. Capital budgeting has the power to either make a company hugely profitable or destroy the business entirely. That is why it is a very important process a business must master to obtain steady growth and profit from it.There are some fund-related and strategic issues in capital budgeting. Depending on the specific needs, the three levels of capital budgeting can be broadly classified into the following −Operating Capital BudgetingStrategic ... Read More
The pecking order theory is an explanation of a firm’s debt-to-equity financing portfolio. It helps investors to understand how a company sources its financing. In other words, the pecking order theory shows the optimal debt and equity structure of a firm’s financing model.Pecking order theory is essentially an idea that helps the managers of a company to decide how to finance the company.It is based on a hierarchy where the managers first use retained earnings (internal financing), then debt financing, and then equity financing.Internal FinancingUsually, the managers of a firm tend to use internal financing as the first choice because ... Read More
The FRICT approach is a very important way of measuring the results of the financial structure of a firm. It consists of the following factors −FlexibilityRiskIncomeControlTimingLet us now take a look at each of these factors in detail.FlexibilityThe capital structure of a company should be within its debt capacity and in no way should it exceed the maximum debt limit. The capacity usually originates from the company’s future cash flows.The company should have enough cash to meet the demands of the creditors and then should have extra cash to limit any future contingency.The capital structure should be able to adapt ... Read More
Also known as Fisher Hypothesis, the Fisher’s Effect was a theory proposed by economist Irving Fisher. The theory states that the real interest rate of an investment is not affected by other monetary measures, such as nominal interest rate and expected inflation. The theory describes the relationship between the inflation rate and both nominal and real interest rates.According to Fisher Hypothesis, the nominal interest rate is the difference between the real interest rate and the expected rate of inflation. It also states that an increase in real interest rate occurs with decreasing inflation rate and vice versa, unless the same ... Read More
Depending on the level of risk the investors want to take, they are divided into three categories. These three categories offer a view of risk attitudes the investors are willing to pursue. Although there is no straightforward method to describe a quantity to the investments in each category, these categories are broadly divided depending on the probability of risks they entail in the long run. Here are the three categories of investors depending on the risk attitudes.Risk-averse AttitudeRisk-averse attitude is shown by investors who want to avoid risk. They will go for fewer returns rather than going for high returns.As ... Read More
One of the most commonly used methods for the valuation of capital structure is the analysis of cash flows from the operations of the business. Cash flows are of the following three types −Operating Cash FlowsNon-operating Cash FlowsFinancial FlowsOperating Cash FlowsThese are related to the operations of a firm and can be obtained from the profit and loss statements of the firm. To calculate operating cash flows, net operating volume, sales, and the input/output prices over a given period are used.Non-operating Cash FlowsIt generally includes working capital changes and capital expenditure. For example, in times of recession, the firms may ... Read More