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The design goals in operating system are as follows −Concurrent SystemsOperating systems must handle multiple devices as well as multiple users concurrently. It is a must for modern multiple core architectures. Due to these features the design of the operating system is complex and very difficult to make.Security and PrivacyOperating systems must provide security and privacy to a system. It is important to prevent the malicious user from accessing your system and to prevent the stealing of the user programs.Resource SharingOperating system ensures that the resources of the system must be shared in a correct fashion in between multiple user ... Read More
In computers there are different types of computing technologies and all are different from each other. By using this we are finding output based on the input given by the user.In a computing environment the user can use a particular computing technology and it is responsible for all the types of input and output given by the computer.The different numbers of computing technologies that are used in OS are as follows −Traditional computingIn traditional computing the user can use a traditional method like static memory allocation and it is mainly useful in single user operating systems.In this technique there will ... Read More
In this article, we will understand the Reversal algorithm to rotate a given array by k-elements to the right, for example −Input : arr[ ] = { 4, 6, 2, 6, 43, 7, 3, 7 }, k = 4 Output : { 43, 7, 3, 7, 4, 6, 2, 6 } Explanation : Rotating each element of array by 4-element to the right gives { 43, 7, 3, 7, 4, 6, 2, 6 }. Input : arr[ ] = { 8, 5, 8, 2, 1, 4, 9, 3 }, k = 3 Output : { 4, 9, 3, 8, ... Read More
The differences between programmed (Input/Output) I/O and interrupt-driven I/O are as follows −Programmed I/OThis I/O technique is the simplest to exchange data between external devices and processors. In this technique, the processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) runs or executes a program giving direct control of I/O operations.Processor issues a command to the I/O module and waits for the operation to complete. Also, the processor keeps checking the I/O module status until it finds the completion of the operation.The processor's time is wasted, in case the processor is faster than the I/O module. Its module is considered to be a ... Read More
In the given problem, we are given an array, and we are required to rotate the array by d elements using a reversal algorithm, for example −Input : arr[] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], d = 2 Output : arr[] = [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2] Explanation : As you can see we have to rotate this array by d = 2 but our main task is to achieve this by using a reversal technique.We make some calculations for the rotation of the array by reversal technique, and we conclude that −First, we reverse the ... Read More
If you are a programmer, you write the code; If you write the code, you use the function; if you use the function, you use return and exit statements in every function. So In this article, we will discuss what a return statement and exit statement are and their differences.In C++, return is a statement that returns the control of the flow of execution to the function which is calling.Exit statement terminates the program at the point it is used.int main()This is where the execution of the program begins. The program is executed from the main() function, and since ... Read More
Sizeof operator is one of the most used operators in C language used to compute the size of any data structure or data type that we pass through it. The sizeof operator returns unsigned integer type, and this operator can be applied to primitive and compound data types. We can use sizeof operator directly to data types and know the memory it is taking up −Example#include using namespace std; int main() { cout
To improve the performance and to avoid the CPU idle time the operating system uses two approaches which are explained below in detail.BufferingIt is a method of overlapping input, output and processing of a single job.After reading the data, the CPU is about to start operating on it, the input device is instructed to begin the next input immediately. The CPU and the input device are both busy. By the time the CPU is ready for the next data item the input device will have to finish its reading.The CPU then begins processing the next data while the input device ... Read More
In this article, we will discuss finding the number of repeated units divisible by N. Repeated units are the repetitive numbers of 1 only, Let R(k) be the repetitive unit where k is the length of 1’s. E.g R(4) = 1111. So we need to find the minimum number of k for which R(k) is divisible by N, for example −Input : N = 13 Output : k = 6 Explanation : R(6) i.e 111111 is divisible by 13. Input : N = 31 Output : k = 15Approach to find The SolutionYou can approach this problem by checking ... Read More
There are different operating systems for different kinds of computers and processors. They are divided into different categories.Single processor systemSingle CPU or processor that manages the computer and it runs on a different operating system, and performs a number of tasks using one processor called a single processor system.In a single processor system different types of tasks can be performed like disk control, user control, system control etc.The figure given below depicts the single processor system −Multiprocessor systemWhen one task can be performed by using multiple processors then it is called a multiprocessor system.In a multiprocessor system a number of ... Read More