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System call provides an interface between user program and operating system. The structure of system call is as follows −When the user wants to give an instruction to the OS then it will do it through system calls. Or a user program can access the kernel which is a part of the OS through system calls.It is a programmatic way in which a computer program requests a service from the kernel of the operating system.Types of system callsThe different system calls are as follows −System calls for Process managementSystem calls for File managementSystem calls for Directory managementNow let us discuss ... Read More
Let us consider an organization which is named as territory is frequently carefully defined or will type a coordinated non-cyclic diagram (DAG). In a carefully delineated name zone a hub can exclusively make them approaching the edge.In a very DAG name territory any hub will have numerous approaching edges. It's conjointly potential to have named territories with different root hubs. Ascendable frameworks regularly utilize progressively organized name territories. A grouping of edge marks driving from one hub to an alternate is named a way name.A way name is utilized to see a hub inside the chart. Partner degree total way ... Read More
Now-a-days all general purpose operating systems permit a user to create and destroy processes. A process can create several new processes during its time of execution.The creating process is called the Parent Process and the new process is called Child Process.There are different ways for creating a new process. These are as follows −Execution − The child process is executed by the parent process concurrently or it waits till all children get terminated.Sharing − The parent or child process shares all resources like memory or files or children process shares a subset of parent’s resources or parent and children process ... Read More
Every process is represented in the operating system by a process control block also called a task control block.A process control block (PSB) contains many pieces of information that is associated with a specific process includes the following −Process state.Program counter.CPU registers.CPU scheduling.CPU scheduling information.Memory management information.Accounting information.I/O status information.The structure of a process control block is as follows −Process stateProcess numberProcess counterRegisterMemory limitsList of open files----------Let us discuss each task in detail.Process state − The state may be a new state, ready state, running state , waiting state, terminated state and so on.Program counter − It indicates the address ... Read More
A process is a program in execution and it is more than a program code called as text section and this concept works under all the operating system because all the task perform by the operating system needs a process to perform the taskThe process executes when it changes state. The state of a process is defined by the current activity of the process.Each process may be any one of the following states −New − The process is being created.Running − In this state the instructions are being executed.Waiting − The process is in waiting state until an event occurs ... Read More
A process is a program in execution and it is more than a program code called as text section and this concept works under all the operating system because all the task perform by the operating system needs a process to perform the taskThe process executes when it changes state. The state of a process is defined by the current activity of the process. It is important to know that only one process can be running on any processor at any instant. Many processes may be ready and waiting.Five state process ModelThe states present in the 5-state model are as ... Read More
In the Linux shell, we have predefined commands to return a reversed string. Anyone can use these commands for reversing an output of the program.Perl CommandIt is a general-purpose programming language in Linux.Inputperl -ne 'chomp;print scalar reverse . "";'
The System calls for File management are as follows −A file is open using a system call open. The mode in which the file is supposed to be open is specified using the parameter.Parameters also consist of the names of the file to open or a new one to be created. The files are closed using the close systems.Associated with each file is a pointer that indicates the current position in the file. When reading or writing sequentially, points to the next byte to be read or written.The Lseek call changes the value of the position pointer so that subsequent ... Read More
The major differences between single processor and multi-processor are as follows −ParameterSingle Processor SystemsMultiprocessor SystemsDescriptionThe name itself is saying that the single processor system contains only one processor for processing.For this also the name itself indicates that the multiprocessor system contains two or more processors for processing.Is there any use of Co-Processors?There is a use of a coprocessor in single processors because it uses multiple Controllers which are designed to handle special tasks and that can execute limited instruction sets. For example − DMA Controller.Multiprocessor uses two types of approaches −In Symmetric Multiprocessing every processor performs all the tasks within ... Read More
Bash is a shell or command line interpreter. It is a layer programming language that understands and executes the command that a user enters or can read commands from a script. Essentially Bash or Shell allows users of Unix-like systems and Windows via a Windows subsystem for Linux to control the innermost components of the Operating system using text-based commands.In this article, we will discuss a problem to be solved by Shell scripting. We are given a String, and we need to print the reverse of that string using Shell Programming. For example, Input : str = “ Hello ” ... Read More