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Public key cryptography is called as asymmetric key cryptography. It is an essential encryption and decryption pattern in online software. It uses two different keys termed as public key and private key.In symmetric key algorithms, only one key is used to implement encryption and decryption operations. But in public key cryptography, there are two keys are used to implement encryption and decryption operations. If one key is used to implement encryption operation, and second key is used to perform decryption operation vice versa.The keys generated in public key cryptography are large including 512, 1024, 2048, etc., bits. These keys are ... Read More
Miller Rabin is a fast approach to test primality of the large numbers. This algorithm is called a Rabin-miller primality test and this algorithm decides whether number is prime which is same to other tests including Fermat primality Test and Solovay- Strassen primality test.This test is based on equality or group of equalities that hold the true for prime values, thus checks whether they hold for the number, that it is required to test for primality.This algorithm is most useful known primality testing algorithm and can be used in different software libraries that based on RSA encryption and best instance ... Read More
A primality test is an algorithm to decide whether an input number is prime. Some primality tests are deterministic. They always correctly decide if a number is prime or composite.The fastest known deterministic primality test was invented in 2004. There are three computer scientists, such as Agrawal, Kayal, and Saxena, invented the AKS primality test that operated in O˜ (log(n)6 ) time, where O˜ (f(n)) is represented as O(f(n).log(f(n))k) for some integer k [1]. Although a significant breakthrough, this speed is rather slow when compared to information security requirement.The advantage of prime numbers are that they are utilized in cryptography. ... Read More
Euler's theorem is a generalization of Fermat's little theorem handling with powers of integers modulo positive integers. It increase in applications of elementary number theory, such as the theoretical supporting structure for the RSA cryptosystem.This theorem states that for every a and n that are relatively prime −$$\mathrm{a^{\phi \left ( n \right )}\, \equiv\, 1\left ( mod \, n \right ) }$$where $\mathrm{\phi}$(n) is Euler's totient function, which counts the number of positive integers less than n that are relatively prime to n.Consider the set of such integers −R = {x1, x2, … x$\mathrm{\phi}$(n)}, i.e., each element xi of R ... Read More
Coreless Induction FurnaceCoreless induction furnace, also known as high frequency induction furnace, is a refractory lined vessel surrounded by an electrically energized, current carrying, water-cooled copper coil. As its name implies, no core is provided in the coreless induction furnace.The electric current in the copper coil forms an electromagnetic field, generating heat energy that melts the charge.Construction of Coreless Induction FurnaceThe schematic diagram of a coreless type induction furnace is shown in the figure below.It has the following three main parts viz −Primary windingSecondary winding − The ceramic crucible containing the charge forms the secondary winding.Frame of the furnace − ... Read More
Many businesses, investors, and techies have been eager to adopt Facebook's recent name change to Meta, which has sparked rampant speculation about the next stage of onlin connection. They want to start buying and selling new ideas and concepts based on a theoretical metaverse, which will eventually facilitate all new types of connection.But there's a catch: the metaverse is only a theoretical notion, with even Meta claiming that it would take many years to become a reality. Nobody knows what the metaverse will be like just yet, and while some envisage a new era of digital connectivity that puts more ... Read More
Any wireless mesh network that uses mesh networking to carry data is referred to as a wireless mesh network. That is, nodes not only send and receive data but also act as relays for other nodes, and each node works together to propagate data around the network.A wireless mesh network comprises nodes, with each mesh node also serving as a router. In contrast, a wifi access point can only give service within the signal range, and once the signal is shut off, the connection is lost. Mesh nodes operate uniquely, rerouting data to another hop to which it is connected, ... Read More
S-Box Substitution is a procedure that accepts the 48-bit input from the XOR operation containing the compressed key and expanded RPT and creates a 32-bit output utilizing the substitution technique.The substitution is implemented by the eight substitution boxes (also known as the S-boxes). Each 8-S-boxes has a 6-bit input and a 4-bit output. The 48-bit input block is divided into 8 sub-blocks (each including 6 bits), and each sub-blocks is provided to an S-box.The substitution in each box follows a pre-decided rule depends on a 4-row by 16- column table. The sequence of bits one and six of the input ... Read More
Tutanota and ProtonMail are the market leaders in "secure email" for people in the know and concerned about their privacy. Both have a solid reputation for keeping user emails safe from prying eyes, including their own. If they want to, most email services can decode and read your emails. Even those marketed as safe.' Tutanota and Protonmail are two of the greatest private and secure email services available right now, with both providing end-to-end encryption.So, which is the best option? Let's compare Tutanota vs ProtonMail to find whether one is superior in general—or for you specifically.What exactly is Tutanota?Tutanota is ... Read More
Today, people are online more than ever before, with about 300 million individuals in the United States alone using the Internet.While there are numerous advantages to this, there are also risks: hackers and cybercriminals are always seeking new ways to gain access to people's personal information and steal their money by employing malware and trojans.The Zeus trojan is considered one of the most dangerous malware programs on the market has infected thousands of users worldwide.What is the Zeus Trojan?The Zeus Trojan is a form of Trojan that infects Windows systems and steals banking and financial information. When it infects a ... Read More