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Introduction Protoplast fusion is a technique used in genetic engineering, plant breeding, and plant biotechnology. It involves the fusion of two plant protoplasts, or cells that have had their cell walls removed, to create a hybrid plant. Protoplast fusion has been used to create new plant varieties with desirable traits, such as disease resistance, improved yields, and increased nutritional value. Let’s discuss the methods and mechanisms of protoplast fusion. Protoplast Methods of Protoplast Fusion There are several methods of protoplast fusion, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The most common methods are electrofusion, chemical fusion, and viral fusion. ... Read More
Introduction AWS S3 (Simple Storage Service) is a reliable and scalable object storage service that is commonly used for storing and retrieving data across various industries. AWS S3 CLI (Command Line Interface) is a powerful tool that provides developers and system administrators with a command-line interface to interact with S3. In this article, we will explore the various AWS S3 CLI commands that can be used to perform operations such as creating and deleting S3 buckets, downloading files, and copying files from an S3 bucket. By leveraging these commands, users can streamline their workflow and manage their S3 resources more ... Read More
Introduction Sometime in Linux, we do not want to open a file using vi or vim to see the content of file. Instead, we can use other Linux commands like ‘cat’, ‘more’ and ‘less’. Depending on the user requirement, either cat or more or less command can be used. Though there are many options or arguments for each command, but in this article we will try to explore the most commonly used options for each commands with some examples. We will start with most widely used command ‘cat’ and then move on to ‘more’ and ‘less’ command. ‘cat’ command Approach ... Read More
Introduction Pipes and redirection are two different kinds of mechanisms used in Linux. Sometimes, we need the output of a command to be passed as input of another command and do some operation. There we use the pipe operator. The operator is “|”. It’s found on top of the “Enter” key. Sometimes, we redirect or pass all the output of a command to a file for storing purposes. Also, we take a file’s content as input for a command. This is called redirection and operators are used like “>”, “>>” and “” to do this operation. In the first example, ... Read More
Introduction Plant tissue culture is a widely used technique in the production of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not essential for the survival of the plant but play important roles in plant defence mechanisms, as well as in the treatment of diseases in humans. Secondary metabolites can be classified into several groups such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, among others. Plant tissue culture is a technique that involves the in vitro growth of plant cells, tissues, or organs under controlled conditions. This technique has been widely used in the production of secondary metabolites ... Read More
Introduction MIME types are a crucial aspect of Linux file management, as they enable the operating system to identify the file format and determine the appropriate program for opening the file. Understanding MIME types can be beneficial, especially when dealing with various file formats on Linux systems. This article provides an overview of MIME types and explains how to determine the MIME type of a file on Linux. It also introduces the xdg-mime command, a powerful tool for managing MIME types on Linux, allowing users to change the default application associated with a particular file type or add new MIME ... Read More
Introduction In general, there are many ways to pass input to programming or scripting languages and sometimes there is a need to pass input from the command line instead of input from the code. Like any other programming or scripting language bash scripting also support the command-line argument. In this article, we will try to explore the syntax for command-line arguments and then we will see some examples for command-line arguments and discuss the special variables. Command-line Argument Syntax We already know how to run a bash script in Linux. We can use either bash or sh command and then ... Read More
Introduction Zipping and unzipping a file is a very common practice in Linux. We need to zip many files into one file for the following reasons. It saves disk space in the system. We can keep multiple files inside one file. This also helps to copy this zipped file to another system. When we have one zipped file, we should also know how to unzip it to get all the required files. So, zipping and unzipping commands are very important in Linux. In this article, we are going to learn on various commands for zipping and then unzipping. ... Read More
Introduction Plant transformation is the process of introducing foreign genes or genetic material into the genome of a plant, resulting in a genetically modified organism (GMO). It is a powerful tool that has revolutionized the field of plant biotechnology, allowing scientists to develop crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, have higher yields, and are able to grow in adverse environmental conditions. Discussed below are the various methods of plant transformations widely used. Agrobacterium - Mediated Transformation Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used method for plant transformation. It involves the use of a soil bacterium called Agrobacterium ... Read More
Introduction File manipulation commands are some of the most commonly used and important tools available to users. Whether you're a software developer, data analyst, or just an everyday computer user, file manipulation commands allow you to quickly and easily navigate, manipulate, and manage files on your system. Let’s explore some of the most useful file manipulation commands that you can use in a terminal. These commands are essential for anyone who works with files on a regular basis and can greatly improve your efficiency and productivity. By mastering these file manipulation commands, you can become a more efficient and productive ... Read More