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Introduction Plant tissue culture is a widely used technique in the production of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not essential for the survival of the plant but play important roles in plant defence mechanisms, as well as in the treatment of diseases in humans. Secondary metabolites can be classified into several groups such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, among others. Plant tissue culture is a technique that involves the in vitro growth of plant cells, tissues, or organs under controlled conditions. This technique has been widely used in the production of secondary metabolites ... Read More
Introduction MIME types are a crucial aspect of Linux file management, as they enable the operating system to identify the file format and determine the appropriate program for opening the file. Understanding MIME types can be beneficial, especially when dealing with various file formats on Linux systems. This article provides an overview of MIME types and explains how to determine the MIME type of a file on Linux. It also introduces the xdg-mime command, a powerful tool for managing MIME types on Linux, allowing users to change the default application associated with a particular file type or add new MIME ... Read More
Introduction In general, there are many ways to pass input to programming or scripting languages and sometimes there is a need to pass input from the command line instead of input from the code. Like any other programming or scripting language bash scripting also support the command-line argument. In this article, we will try to explore the syntax for command-line arguments and then we will see some examples for command-line arguments and discuss the special variables. Command-line Argument Syntax We already know how to run a bash script in Linux. We can use either bash or sh command and then ... Read More
Introduction Zipping and unzipping a file is a very common practice in Linux. We need to zip many files into one file for the following reasons. It saves disk space in the system. We can keep multiple files inside one file. This also helps to copy this zipped file to another system. When we have one zipped file, we should also know how to unzip it to get all the required files. So, zipping and unzipping commands are very important in Linux. In this article, we are going to learn on various commands for zipping and then unzipping. ... Read More
Introduction Plant transformation is the process of introducing foreign genes or genetic material into the genome of a plant, resulting in a genetically modified organism (GMO). It is a powerful tool that has revolutionized the field of plant biotechnology, allowing scientists to develop crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, have higher yields, and are able to grow in adverse environmental conditions. Discussed below are the various methods of plant transformations widely used. Agrobacterium - Mediated Transformation Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used method for plant transformation. It involves the use of a soil bacterium called Agrobacterium ... Read More
Introduction File manipulation commands are some of the most commonly used and important tools available to users. Whether you're a software developer, data analyst, or just an everyday computer user, file manipulation commands allow you to quickly and easily navigate, manipulate, and manage files on your system. Let’s explore some of the most useful file manipulation commands that you can use in a terminal. These commands are essential for anyone who works with files on a regular basis and can greatly improve your efficiency and productivity. By mastering these file manipulation commands, you can become a more efficient and productive ... Read More
Introduction As we work with the Linux command line, we often need to interact with input from the user or from files. This is where the "read" command comes in handy. It is a simple yet powerful command that can be used in a variety of ways to process input in Linux. By learning how to use the read command in various ways, we can become more proficient in using this command and automate tasks more efficiently. Let us cover all the methods and formats of the Linux read command. We will start with the basics, including how to read ... Read More
Introduction AWK is a scripting language utilized for text processing in Linux. It's designed to manipulate data in text files, making it an ideal tool for data analysis and management tasks. With a range of built-in functions and operators, AWK can perform simple search and replace tasks or complex data transformations. Its concise syntax and versatility allow for easy manipulation of text files. AWK is a powerful tool for those who work with text files in Linux environments. Let us provide a beginner's guide to the AWK programming language on Linux. We will cover the basic syntax of the language, ... Read More
Introduction In the field of biology, growth and regeneration are fundamental processes that are essential for the survival of organisms. However, the storage and preservation of biological materials are equally important, as they ensure the continuity and reproducibility of research. Discussed below are various media and techniques used for growth, regeneration, and storage of biological materials. Media for Growth and Regeneration Media are nutrient-rich solutions used for the growth and regeneration of cells and tissues. The composition of the medium is critical, as it directly affects the growth and viability of cells. Here are some commonly used media for ... Read More
Introduction Somatic hybridization is a recent innovation in plant breeding that overcomes these limitations. Somatic hybridization is the fusion of two somatic cells from different plant species to produce a hybrid. In this process, the two parent plants are not crossed sexually; instead, their somatic cells are fused in vitro to produce a hybrid plant. Somatic hybridization is a powerful tool in plant breeding because it can be used to combine desirable traits from different plant species that are not sexually compatible. Below we shall explore the major aspects of somatic hybridization, including its history, mechanisms, applications, advantages, and ... Read More