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Articles by Nancy Den
179 articles
Character - Oriented Framing and Bit - Oriented Framing
Framing is a Data Link layer function that encapsulates packets from the Network Layer into frames. Data frames can be of fixed or variable length. In variable-length framing, frame sizes may differ, so a pattern of bits serves as a delimiter to mark frame boundaries. The two types of variable-sized framing are: Character-oriented framing Bit-oriented framing Character-Oriented Framing In character-oriented framing, data is transmitted as a sequence of bytes using an 8-bit coding system like ASCII. This approach treats data as a stream of characters rather than individual bits. ...
Read MoreError Correcting Codes - Binary Convolutional Code
Errors occur when bits get corrupted during transmission over computer networks due to interference and network problems. Error-correcting codes (ECC) are sequences of numbers generated by specific algorithms for detecting and correcting errors in data transmitted over noisy channels. Error correcting codes determine the exact number of corrupted bits and their locations within the algorithm's limitations. ECCs are broadly categorized into two types: block codes and convolutional codes. Binary Convolutional Codes In convolutional codes, the message comprises data streams of arbitrary length, and output bits are generated by sliding application of Boolean functions to the data stream. ...
Read MoreWhat is a Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCID)?
A Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCID or VCI) is a label assigned to each virtual circuit in a packet-switched network that determines the path a data unit must follow from source to destination. A virtual circuit (VC) is a communication technique that creates the appearance of a dedicated physical connection between two systems, even though the data actually travels through a shared packet-switched network infrastructure. How Virtual Circuits Work VCIDs enable efficient network resource utilization by allowing multiple virtual circuits to share the same physical links simultaneously. The same VCID can be reused on different network segments for ...
Read MoreATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
In Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks, the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) provides facilities for non-ATM based networks to connect to ATM network and use its services. AAL is basically a software layer that accepts user data, which may be digitized voice, video or computer data, and makes them suitable for transmission over an ATM network. The transmissions can be of fixed or variable data rate. AAL accepts higher layer packets and segments them into fixed sized ATM cells before transmission via ATM. It also reassembles the received segments to the higher layer packets. ATM ...
Read MoreHard and Soft Decision Decoding
A challenging task in error correction is decoding the codewords that have been received via noisy channels. Before data is transmitted, the sender adds redundant bits or parity bits to the message forming codewords. The codewords are then transmitted via computer networks. The receiver checks the incoming codewords and performs the decoding or error correction process to retrieve the original data. If there are no errors, i.e. the codewords find an exact matching, then it is easy to decode the data by eliminating the parity bits. However, if a match is not found, then more complex decoding mechanisms are ...
Read MoreHow to include the audio/video controls in HTML?
The controls attribute in HTML provides built-in playback controls for audio and video elements. When added to or tags, it displays a control bar with play/pause buttons, volume controls, progress bar, and other standard media controls that users expect. Syntax Following is the syntax for the controls attribute − The controls attribute is a boolean attribute, meaning it does not require a value. Its presence enables the controls, while its absence disables them. Video Controls The controls ...
Read MoreHow to use the formmethod attribute in HTML?
The formmethod attribute in HTML is used to override the default HTTP method specified in a form's method attribute. It is used specifically with elements of type submit and image, allowing different submit buttons within the same form to use different HTTP methods (GET or POST). Syntax Following is the syntax for the formmethod attribute − Where method can be either "get" or "post". Parameters The formmethod attribute accepts the following values − get − Appends form data to the URL as query parameters. Data is visible in ...
Read MoreHow to use HTML5 localStorage and sessionStorage?
HTML5 introduced two powerful mechanisms for storing data on the client side − localStorage and sessionStorage. These storage options overcome the limitations of traditional HTTP cookies by providing larger storage capacity and reducing unnecessary data transmission with every HTTP request. The key advantages of HTML5 web storage over cookies include − No automatic transmission − Storage data is not sent with every HTTP request, improving web application performance. Larger storage capacity − Web storage can hold approximately 5-10 MB of data per domain, compared to cookies' 4 KB limit. Better performance − ...
Read MoreExecute a script when a context menu is triggered in HTML5?
The contextmenu attribute in HTML5 allows you to execute a script when a context menu is triggered. A context menu appears when a user right-clicks on an element. This attribute links an element to a custom element that defines the context menu options. Syntax Following is the syntax for the contextmenu attribute − Content The contextmenu attribute value must match the id of a element with type="context". Basic Context Menu Example Following example demonstrates how to create a basic context ...
Read MoreCreate a draggable paragraph in HTML5
The draggable attribute in HTML5 allows you to make elements draggable by the user. When set to true, elements can be dragged and dropped using mouse interactions. This feature is commonly used for creating interactive user interfaces, sortable lists, and drag-and-drop file uploads. Syntax Following is the syntax for the draggable attribute − Content The draggable attribute accepts the following values − true − The element can be dragged false − The element cannot be dragged auto − Uses the browser's default behavior Basic Draggable Paragraph To create a ...
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