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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA)
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) is a medium access control (MAC) layer protocol used in wireless networks to solve the hidden terminal problem and exposed terminal problem. The widely-used IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS mechanism has been adopted from MACA. Working Principle The MACA protocol operates under the condition that stations are synchronized with identical frame sizes and data transmission speeds. It uses a four-way handshake involving RTS (Request to Send) and CTS (Clear to Send) frames before actual data transmission. Consider a transmitting station STA sending data to receiving station STB: Station STA sends an ...
Read MoreDifference between Hub and Switch
A hub and a switch are both networking devices used to connect multiple devices, but they operate fundamentally differently. Hubs are basic network devices that operate at the Physical Layer and broadcast data to all connected devices. Switches function at the Data Link Layer and intelligently forward data only to the intended recipient using MAC addresses. Understanding the differences between hubs and switches is crucial for network design, as switches have largely replaced hubs in modern networks due to their superior performance and security features. What is a Hub? A hub is a basic networking device that ...
Read MoreThe URL Schemes
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a string of characters that specifies the location of a resource on the internet. URL schemes define the protocol used to access different types of resources, determining how browsers and applications interact with various services. URL schemes follow the format scheme:// followed by the resource location. Each scheme has specific rules and behaviors for accessing its corresponding resource type. Common URL Schemes HTTP HTTPS FTP FILE ...
Read MoreTransmission mode
Communication is defined as the transfer or sharing of data between any two individuals through a medium and the medium can be wired or wireless. In a computer network, the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model has seven layers for the communication networks. The first layer of OSI is the Physical layer that uses the Transmission mode for transferring the raw data to other devices using a physical medium. Transmission mode refers to the process of transferring data from one point to another over a particular network. The channel between the two devices can be buses or networks, and communication ...
Read MoreBluetooth vs Bluetooth Low Energy
Modern electronic devices rely heavily on wireless communication technologies. Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) are two widely adopted wireless standards that, despite sharing similar underlying principles, serve different purposes based on power consumption, range, and application requirements. Understanding the differences between these technologies is crucial for selecting the right wireless solution for specific device applications, from smartphones to IoT sensors. What is Bluetooth? Bluetooth is a wireless communication protocol that enables devices to communicate over short distances. First introduced by Ericsson in 1994, it has become one of the most widely used wireless technologies globally, found ...
Read MoreDifference Between Interrupt and Polling in OS
An operating system acts as a bridge between hardware and applications. The CPU handles all system tasks, but sometimes situations arise when it's required to interrupt the currently running task and take rapid action. Therefore, operating systems use two methods: interrupt and polling for dealing with such events. Both methods pause the CPU from its current work and make it execute essential tasks. Both interrupt and polling differ significantly from each other in several ways. In this article, we will discuss the important differences between interrupt and polling in operating systems. What is Interrupt? A signal to ...
Read MoreDifference Between SCCP and MTP3
The Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) and Message Transfer Part Level 3 (MTP3) are both critical components of the SS7 (Signalling System 7) telecommunications network. While they work together to enable reliable signaling, they operate at different layers and provide distinct functionalities for network communication. SCCP Overview The Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) is a network layer protocol used in SS7 telecommunications networks. It provides enhanced routing capabilities, connection-oriented services, flow control, segmentation, and error recovery mechanisms. SCCP acts as an interface between applications and the underlying MTP layers, enabling more sophisticated addressing and routing than basic point ...
Read MoreComparison of Fiber Optics and Copper Wire
Fiber optic cables are finding increasing usage due to a number of advantages over the traditional copper wires. However, there are a few drawbacks in their usage too that need to be considered when choosing the appropriate transmission medium. Fiber Optic vs Copper Wire Transmission Fiber Optic Cable Light signals Glass core High speed Copper Wire ...
Read MoreRequest To Send (RTS)
Request to Send (RTS) is a control frame employed in the medium access control (MAC) layer protocol IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS. The protocol uses the concept of Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) in wireless networks. The RTS/CTS (Request to Send / Clear to Send) mechanism aims to reduce frame collisions introduced by the hidden terminal problem. RTS frame is sent by the transmitter prior to transmission of the actual data frame. In wireless networks, the hidden terminal problem occurs when two stations cannot hear each other but can both communicate with a common access point, leading to collisions. The ...
Read MoreThe 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol
IEEE 802.11 standard, popularly known as WiFi, lays down the architecture and specifications of wireless LANs (WLANs). WiFi or WLAN uses high frequency radio waves instead of cables for connecting the devices in LAN. Users connected by WLANs can move around within the area of network coverage. The 802.11 MAC sublayer provides an abstraction of the physical layer to the logical link control sublayer and upper layers of the OSI network. It is responsible for encapsulating frames and describing frame formats, managing channel access, and implementing collision avoidance mechanisms specific to wireless communication. MAC Sublayer Frame Format ...
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