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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
Types of Viruses
A computer virus is a type of malicious code that enters the system along with files or programs and carries out malfunctions in the system. The virus-affected program becomes a replica of the existing program. They enter the system through files and when the file runs, the virus also runs in the background. Viruses infiltrate systems through various methods including email attachments, clicking malicious advertisements, and downloading software from unauthorized websites. Their main objective is to spread across different hosts while stealing personal data and system credentials. Types of Computer Viruses A virus is a specific type ...
Read MoreWhat is Code Division Multiplexing?
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) is an advanced multiplexing technique used in cellular telephone systems and satellite communications. The specific version used in cell phones is called Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Unlike other multiplexing methods that rely on physical properties like frequency or time, CDM uses a mathematical concept based on orthogonal vector spaces. This allows multiple signals to be combined and separated without interference. How CDM Works In CDM, each sender is assigned a unique binary code called a chip sequence (Ci). These chip sequences are chosen to be orthogonal vectors, meaning the dot product of ...
Read MoreTransmission of Light Through Fiber
In fiber optic communication, signals are transmitted through an optical fiber using the fundamental properties of light, specifically refraction and total internal reflection. Understanding these optical principles is essential for grasping how data travels through fiber optic cables over long distances with minimal loss. Refraction When a light ray travels from one transmission medium to another with different optical density, its direction changes at the interface between the two media. This phenomenon is called refraction of light. The optical density of a medium is measured by its refractive index. A higher refractive index indicates a denser medium. ...
Read MoreMultiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
In wireless communications, when multiple antennas are used both at the transmitting end as well as the receiving end, the configuration is said to be Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO). MIMO helps in sending and receiving multiple data signals simultaneously over the same radio channel by exploiting spatial diversity and multiplexing. MIMO is a smart antenna technology that significantly improves wireless communication performance. Other related technologies include Multiple Input, Single Output (MISO) and Single Input, Multiple Output (SIMO). MIMO System Configuration Transmitter ...
Read MoreDifference between Router and Modem
Both routers and modems are essential network devices that serve different purposes in connecting devices to the internet. A modem converts digital signals from your computer into analog signals for transmission over telephone or cable lines and vice versa. A router operates at the network layer to direct data packets between different networks and find the shortest path to their destination. Understanding the difference between these devices is crucial for setting up and troubleshooting home and business networks effectively. What is a Modem? A modulator-demodulator (modem) is a hardware device that converts digital data from computers into ...
Read MoreApproaches to Information Security Implementation
Information security protects information from disruption, misuse, destruction, disclosure, modification, or unauthorized access. The goal of information security is to protect critical data and privacy both digitally and physically. Information security is abbreviated as InfoSec. Information security adheres to the CIA Triad − Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability: Confidentiality − Protects information from unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data. Integrity − Ensures data is protected from modification or tampering, maintaining accuracy and trustworthiness. Availability − Ensures information is accessible when needed by authorized entities and organizations. CIA ...
Read MoreWhat is CIFS in the Computer Network?
CIFS (Common Internet File System) is a network protocol that enables file and printer sharing over a network. It is also known as Server Message Block (SMB) and is commonly used for sharing documents and resources on Local Area Networks (LANs). The protocol allows users to access and manipulate files on remote servers as if they were stored locally. Users can perform standard file operations such as read, write, create, delete, and rename on files located on network servers. CIFS Protocol Operation Client ...
Read MoreWhat are the types of ICMP message types?
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network layer protocol that reports errors and provides diagnostic information about network connectivity issues. ICMP messages are categorized into specific types, each identified by a unique type number and accompanied by detailed codes. ICMP message types are divided into two main categories: Error Reporting Messages − Notify about network errors and problems Query Messages − Request and provide network status information ICMP Message Types Error Reporting ...
Read MoreInternet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network layer protocol that operates within the OSI model's network layer and the TCP/IP model's internet layer. It serves as a communication mechanism for routers and network devices to send control and error messages throughout the network. ICMP enables network devices to report problems, query network status, and provide diagnostic information. Common ICMP messages include "destination unreachable, " "time exceeded, " and "echo requests" used by utilities like ping. ICMP Message Flow in Network Communication Host A ...
Read MoreFiber Cables
Optical fiber cables are transparent, flexible fibers made of glass or plastic that transmit data using light waves. These cables form the backbone of modern high-speed internet, telecommunications, and data center networks due to their superior bandwidth and transmission capabilities. Fiber Optic Cable Bundle Individual fibers Protective Sheath Multiple glass/plastic fibers bundled in protective coating Structure ...
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