Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Mathematics
English
Economics
Psychology
Social Studies
Fashion Studies
Legal Studies
- Selected Reading
- UPSC IAS Exams Notes
- Developer's Best Practices
- Questions and Answers
- Effective Resume Writing
- HR Interview Questions
- Computer Glossary
- Who is Who
dir() Method in Python
The dir() function returns list of the attributes and methods of any object like functions , modules, strings, lists, dictionaries etc. In this article we will see how to use the dir() in different ways in a program and for different requirements.
Only dir()
When we print the value of the dir() without importing any other module into the program, we get the list of methods and attributes that are available as part of the standard library that is available when a python program is initialized.
Example
Print(dir())
Output
Running the above code gives us the following result −
['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__']
Additional modules
As we import additional modules and create variables, they get added to the current environment. Then those methods and attributes also become available in the print statement woth dir().
Example
import math x = math.ceil(10.03) print(dir())
Output
Running the above code gives us the following result −
['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'math', 'x']
dir() for specific Modules
For specific modules we can find the methods and attributes contained in that module by passing it as parameter to the dir(). In the below example we see the methods available in the math module.
Example
import math print(dir(math))
Output
Running the above code gives us the following result −
['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', …., 'nan', … 'trunc']
dir() for a class
We can also apply the dir() to a class which was user created rather than in-bulit and gets its attributes listed through dir().
Example
class moviecount: def __dir__(self): return ['Red Man','Hello Boy','Happy Monday'] movie_dtls = moviecount() print(dir(movie_dtls))
Output
Running the above code gives us the following result −
['Happy Monday', 'Hello Boy', 'Red Man']
374 Views
