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Power and Logarithmic Functions
Cbrt() Function
The cbrt() function in math module returns the cube root of a number.
Syntax
math.cbrt(x)
Parameters
x − Numeric operand
Return value
The cbrt() function returns the cube root of the given number.
Example
from math import cbrt x = 27 cbr = cbrt(x) print ("x: ",x, "cbrt(x): ", cbr) x = 100 cbr = cbrt(x) print ("x: ",x, "cbrt(x): ", cbr) x = 8.8 cbr = cbrt(x) print ("x: ",x, "cbrt(x): ", cbr)
It will produce the following output −
x: 27 cbrt(x): 3.0 x: 100 cbrt(x): 4.641588833612779 x: 8.8 cbrt(x): 2.0645602309127344
exp() Function
The exp() function returns exponential of x: ex.
Syntax
Following is the syntax for the exp() function −
import math math.exp(x)
Note − This function is not accessible directly. Therefore, we need to import the math module and then we need to call this function using the math static object.
Parameters
x − This is a numeric expression.
Return Value
This method returns exponential of x: ex.
Example
The following example shows the usage of exp() method.
import math # This will import math module print ("math.exp(-45.17) : ", math.exp(-45.17)) print ("math.exp(100.12) : ", math.exp(100.12)) print ("math.exp(100.72) : ", math.exp(100.72)) print ("math.exp(math.pi) : ", math.exp(math.pi))
When we run the above program, it produces the following output −
math.exp(-45.17) : 2.4150062132629406e-20 math.exp(100.12) : 3.0308436140742566e+43 math.exp(100.72) : 5.522557130248187e+43 math.exp(math.pi) : 23.140692632779267
exp2() Function
The exp2() function in math module returns 2 raised to power x. It is equivalent to 2**x.
Syntax
math.exp2(x)
Parameters
x − Numeric operand
Return Value
The function returns 2 raised to x.
Example
from math import exp2 x = 6 val = exp2(x) print ("x: ",x, "exp2(x): ", val) print ("cross-check:", 2**6) x = -3 val = exp2(x) print ("x: ",x, "exp2(x): ", val) x = 2.5 val = exp2(x) print ("x: ",x, "exp2(x): ", val)
It will produce the following output −
x: 6 exp2(x): 64.0 cross-check: 64 x: -3 exp2(x): 0.125 x: 2.5 exp2(x): 5.656854249492381
expm1() Function
The expm1() function in math module computes and returns e raised to the power x, minus 1. Here e is the base of natural logarithms. The expm1() function provides a way to compute this quantity to full precision.
Syntax
math.expm1(x)
Parameters
x − int or float operand.
Return Value
This function return the exponential value of a number − 1.
Example
from math import expm1 x = 6 val = expm1(x) print ("x: ",x, "expm1(x): ", val) x = -3 val = expm1(x) print ("x: ",x, "expm1(x): ", val) x = 2.5 val = expm1(x) print ("x: ",x, "expm1(x): ", val)
It will produce the following output −
x: 6 expm1(x): 402.4287934927351 x: -3 expm1(x): -0.950212931632136 x: 2.5 expm1(x): 11.182493960703473
log() Function
The log() function returns the natural logarithm of x, for x > 0.
Syntax
Following is the syntax for the log() function −
import math math.log( x )
Note − This function is not accessible directly, so we need to import the math module and then we need to call this function using the math static object.
Parameters
x − This is a numeric expression.
Return Value
This function returns natural logarithm of x, for x > 0.
Example
The following example shows the usage of the log() method −
import math # This will import math module print ("math.log(100.12) : ", math.log(100.12)) print ("math.log(100.72) : ", math.log(100.72)) print ("math.log(math.pi) : ", math.log(math.pi))
When we run the above program, it produces the following output −
math.log(100.12) : 4.6063694665635735 math.log(100.72) : 4.612344389736092 math.log(math.pi) : 1.1447298858494002
log10() Function
The log10() function returns base-10 logarithm of x for x > 0.
Syntax
Following is the syntax for log10() function −
import math math.log10(x)
Note − This function is not accessible directly, so we need to import the math module and then we need to call this function using the math static object.
Parameters
x − This is a numeric expression.
Return Value
This function returns the base-10 logarithm of x for x > 0.
Example
The following example shows the usage of the log10() function.
import math # This will import math module print ("math.log10(100.12) : ", math.log10(100.12)) print ("math.log10(100.72) : ", math.log10(100.72)) print ("math.log10(119) : ", math.log10(119)) print ("math.log10(math.pi) : ", math.log10(math.pi))
When we run the above program, it produces the following output −
math.log10(100.12) : 2.0005208409361854 math.log10(100.72) : 2.003115717099806 math.log10(119) : 2.0755469613925306 math.log10(math.pi) : 0.49714987269413385
log1p() Function
The log1p() function in math module returns the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e). The result is calculated in a way which is accurate for x near zero.
Syntax
math.log1p(x)
Parameters
x − int or float operand.
Return value
The function returns natural log of 1+x.
Example
from math import log1p x = 4 val = log1p(x) print ("x: ",x, "log1p(x): ", val) x = 2.5 val = log1p(x) print ("x: ",x, "log1p(x): ", val) x = -3 val = log1p(x) print ("x: ",x, "log1p(x): ", val)
It will produce the following output −
x: 4 log1p(x): 1.6094379124341003 x: 2.5 log1p(x): 1.252762968495368 Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Users\mlath\examples\main.py", line 12, in <module> val = log1p(x) ^^^^^^^^ ValueError: math domain error
Negative value of x raises ValueError
log2() Function
The log2() function in math module returns the base-2 logarithm of x. This is usually more accurate than log(x, 2).
Syntax
math.log2(x)
Parameters
x − int or float operand
Return Value
The function returns base-2 log of x.
Example
from math import log2 x = 4 val = log2(x) print ("x: ",x, "log2(x): ", val) x = 2.5 val = log2(x) print ("x: ",x, "log2(x): ", val) x = -3 val = log2(x) print ("x: ",x, "log2(x): ", val)
It will produce the following output −
x: 4 log2(x): 2.0 x: 2.5 log2(x): 1.3219280948873624 Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Users\mlath\examples\main.py", line 12, in <module> val = log2(x) ^^^^^^^ ValueError: math domain error
pow() Function
The pow() function value of x raised to y. math.pow() converts both its arguments to type float. Use ** or the built-in pow() function for computing exact integer powers.
Syntax
Following is the syntax for pow() function −
import math math.pow( x,y )
Note − This function is not accessible directly, so we need to import the math module and then we need to call this function using the math static object.
Parameters
x, y − This is a numeric expression.
Return Value
This function returns value of x raised to y.
Example
The following example shows the usage of the pow() function −
import math # This will import math module print ("math.pow(100, 2) : ", math.pow(100, 2)) print ("math.pow(100, -2) : ", math.pow(100, -2)) print ("math.pow(2, 4) : ", math.pow(2, 4)) print ("math.pow(3, 0) : ", math.pow(3, 0))
It will produce the following output −
math.pow(100, 2) : 10000.0 math.pow(100, -2) : 0.0001 math.pow(2, 4) : 16.0 math.pow(3, 0) : 1.0
sqrt() Function
The sqrt() function returns the square root of x for x > 0.
Syntax
Following is the syntax for sqrt() function −
import math math.sqrt( x )
Note − This function is not accessible directly, so we need to import the math module and then we need to call this function using the math static object.
Parameters
x − This is a numeric expression.
Return Value
This method returns square root of x for x > 0.
Example
The following example shows the usage of sqrt() function −
import math # This will import math module print ("math.sqrt(100) : ", math.sqrt(100)) print ("math.sqrt(7) : ", math.sqrt(7)) print ("math.sqrt(math.pi) : ", math.sqrt(math.pi))
When we run the above program, it produces the following output −
math.sqrt(100) : 10.0 math.sqrt(7) : 2.6457513110645907 math.sqrt(math.pi) : 1.7724538509055159
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