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Find Square Root under Modulo p (Shanks Tonelli algorithm) in C++
In this problem, we are given two values n and a prime number p. Our task is to find Square Root under Modulo p.
Let's take an example to understand the problem,
Input : n = 4, p = 11 Output : 9
Solution Approach
Here, we will be using Tonelli-Shanks Algorithm.
Tonelli-Shanks Algorithm is used in modular arithmetic to solve for a value x in congruence of the form x2 = n (mod p).
The algorithm to find square root modulo using shank's Tonelli Algorithm −
Step 1 − Find the value of $(n^{((p-1)/2)})(mod\:p)$, if its value is p -1, then modular square root is not possible.
Step 2 − Then, we will use the value p - 1 as (s * 2e). Where s is odd and positive and e is positive.
Step 3 − Calculate the value q^((p-1)/2)(mod p) = -1
Step 4 − use loop for m greater than 0 and update the value of x,
Find m such that b^(2^m) - 1(mod p) where 0 <= m <= r-1.
If M is 0, return x otherwise update values,
x = x * (g^(2 ^ (r - m - 1)) b = b * (g^(2 ^ (r - m)) g = (g^(2 ^ (r - m - 1)) r = m
Example
Program to illustrate the working of our solution,
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
int powerMod(int base, int exponent, int modulus) {
int result = 1;
base = base % modulus;
while (exponent > 0) {
if (exponent % 2 == 1)
result = (result * base)% modulus;
exponent = exponent >> 1;
base = (base * base) % modulus;
}
return result;
}
int gcd(int a, int b) {
if (b == 0)
return a;
else
return gcd(b, a % b);
}
int orderValues(int p, int b) {
if (gcd(p, b) != 1) {
return -1;
}
int k = 3;
while (1) {
if (powerMod(b, k, p) == 1)
return k;
k++;
}
}
int findx2e(int x, int& e) {
e = 0;
while (x % 2 == 0) {
x /= 2;
e++;
}
return x;
}
int calcSquareRoot(int n, int p) {
if (gcd(n, p) != 1) {
return -1;
}
if (powerMod(n, (p - 1) / 2, p) == (p - 1)) {
return -1;
}
int s, e;
s = findx2e(p - 1, e);
int q;
for (q = 2; ; q++) {
if (powerMod(q, (p - 1) / 2, p) == (p - 1))
break;
}
int x = powerMod(n, (s + 1) / 2, p);
int b = powerMod(n, s, p);
int g = powerMod(q, s, p);
int r = e;
while (1) {
int m;
for (m = 0; m < r; m++) {
if (orderValues(p, b) == -1)
return -1;
if (orderValues(p, b) == pow(2, m))
break;
}
if (m == 0)
return x;
x = (x * powerMod(g, pow(2, r - m - 1), p)) % p;
g = powerMod(g, pow(2, r - m), p);
b = (b * g) % p;
if (b == 1)
return x;
r = m;
}
}
int main() {
int n = 3;
int p = 13;
int sqrtVal = calcSquareRoot(n, p);
if (sqrtVal == -1)
cout<<"Modular square root is not exist";
else
cout<<"Modular square root of the number is "<<sqrtVal;
}Output
Modular square root of the number is 9
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