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Introduction Data handling and data representation are the processes of collecting and presentation of data systematically. Data handling is the act of collecting a set of data and presenting it in various formats data handling. The act of collecting, maintaining, and presenting data in a way that facilitates analysis, forecasting, and decision-making is known as data handling. Here in this tutorial, we shall discuss in brief data handling, central tendencies, frequency tables, how to represent data in graphs, and examples related to data handling. What is Data Handling? The initial collection of observations is referred to as the raw data. ... Read More
Introduction Hess law was introduced by the Russian Chemist Doctor Germain Hess in the year 1840 where he formulated many principles of thermochemistry. Hess law is an effect of the first law of thermodynamics. But it exists as a single law because of its significance. The calculation of heat of reaction is involved in this law. The first law of thermodynamics states that the enthalpy difference in a particular reaction is equal to the quantity of energy absorbed or discharged during the reaction. Hess law also deals with the energy of a chemical reaction in which it does not depend ... Read More
Introduction Hexamine is an organic heterocyclic molecule. It has a crystalline as well as white aspect. The particle sizes vary between 80 and 800 mm. It is somewhat water-soluble and also soluble in the majority of polar solvents. It seems to have a cage-like geometry. This has 2 distinct applications: as an antibiotic (generally known as methenamine hippurate) as well as a solid fuel tablet being used for cooking during camping/trekking. It may be used to make various chemical products such as polymers, medicines, and rubber preservatives. What is Hexamine? Hexamine, often termed Methenamine, Hexamethylenetetramine, as well as Urotropin, has ... Read More
Introduction Chemical reactions are performed to get a particular product by some chemical process happening in the reactants. In some cases, the product formed is again converted back to the reactant. That is a reverse chemical reaction is taking place. But not all chemical reactions will not undergo such a reverse reaction. The state in which both forward and reverse reaction takes place simultaneously is called equilibrium. The term equilibrium was introduced in the year 1803 by the discovery of scientist Berthollet in which some reactions are moving in the reverse direction. The rates of such chemical reactions are also ... Read More
Introduction In a chemical reaction, the reagents break the bond and forms free radicals to form a new bond. The covalent bond is formed by sharing the electrons of two atoms to form a new molecule. In a chemical reaction, the old bonds are broken, and new ones are formed. Two different methods do this breaking of bonds. The first one is homolytic fission in which the covalent bond is broken, and the electron is taken by both the reagents. In heterolytic fission, the covalent bond is broken in such a way that both the electron of the covalent bond ... Read More
Introduction Atoms are the tiniest building pieces of elements or the simplest material that can be subsequently chemically degraded. The periodic table of elements is a depiction of atoms as well as elements in a certain order. Atoms are made up of protons (p), neutrons (n), and electrons (๐โ) . Atomic mass (A) is extremely important in establishing the element's composition as well as relevance. What is Atomic Mass? The mass of protons (p) plus neutrons (n) in an atom is defined as the atomic mass. The atomic mass (A) of an element is described as its entire mass. The ... Read More
Introduction The German chemist and physicist Erich Huckel determined the Huckel Rule in 1931. He proposed that the aromatic rings follow four norms to be an aromatic compound. The first is that it should be cyclic and the second thing it should be planer, the third thing it conjugates, and the fourth one it must follow the Huckel rule. An aromatic compound has $\mathrm{4n\:+\:2\:pi\:electrons}$. The n in the formula is a positive integer. Aromatic compounds have $\mathrm{sp^{2}\:hybrodization}$. What is the Huckel Rule? The huckelโs rule is an algorithm that combines the number of pi electrons in an aromatic ring and ... Read More
Introduction Hydroboration oxidation is the method by which there is an addition in ๐ช โ ๐ต, ๐ช โ ๐ช, and ๐ช โ ๐ถ double bonds with hydrogen-boron bonds. Hydration of alkynes is one of the simple procedures for producing ketones and aldehydes. One may think of the mechanism of the hydroboration oxidation process as that of an anti-Markovnikov response. By an American chemist named Herbert Charles Brown, who was born in England, the hydroboration- oxidation reaction was first documented in the second part of the 1950s. In this process, an alkyne is processed with borane before being oxidized with peroxide ... Read More
Introduction hydrogen chloride, also known as hydrogen halide, has the chemical formula HCl. It is a colourless gas at a lower temperature that reacts with water vapour in the air to produce white fumes of hydrochloric acid. In industry and technology, hydrochloric acid and hydrogen chloride gas are crucial. At normal pressure and temperature, hydrogen chloride, a gas composed of the elements hydrogen and chlorine, is a gas. Hydrochloric acid is the name given to a gaseous solution in water. Hydrogen gas and chlorine gas can be combined directly to generate hydrogen chloride; the process is quick at temperatures above ... Read More
Introduction Sulphates are ions with the molecular formula ๐๐4and carry two negative charges along with them. There are four oxygen atoms that surround the central atom, sulphur in this ion. And are salt of the acid sulphuric acid. The partial neutralization of sulphuric acid with a base, sodium hydroxide results in the formation of sodium bisulphate, $\mathrm{NaHSO_{4}}$. The corresponding ion of this salt is the hydrogen sulphate, ๐ป๐๐โ. And that is the reason it is called bisulphate. The parent compound of this chemical is sulphuric acid and so is the reason for its acidity. But they are weakly acidic compared ... Read More