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Articles by Vishala M
36 articles
Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)
Introduction Molecular markers are also known as genetic markers. They are the DNA within a known locus on a chromosome and can be used as an identification tool. Inside a chromosome, these molecular markers help in the identification of specific DNA of interest. A variable number of tandem repeats are locations on a DNA where short nucleotide sequences have been repeated many times in tandem. Variable Number of Tandem Repeats VNTRs are short tandem sequences that are repeated a number of times in a particular location. These VNTRs are always found in groups and are always present in the same ...
Read MoreVirulence Factor - Bacterial and Viral
Introduction Microorganisms are organisms that cannot be seen through the naked eye and require a special aid to observe them. They are cosmopolitan in nature that is are found everywhere. Most of the microorganisms are harmless to us but some cause serious diseases. The microorganisms that cause diseases are called pathogens and the etiology and progression of the disease is known as pathogenesis. Pathogens cause diseases due to certain factors produced by them these factors are known as virulence factors which can be certain chemicals, enzymes, toxins, etc. in this section we will be briefing about virulence factors that are ...
Read MoreSubfunctionalization - An overview
Introduction Occasional inheritable mutation yields organisms that are suited for better survival in an ecological niche and progeny that are preferentially selected. This process of mutation and selection is the basis for the Darwinian evolution that led from the first cell to all modern organisms and explains the fundamental similarity of all living organisms. The remarkable similarity of metabolic pathways and gene sequences across phyla argues strongly that all modern organisms are derived from a common evolutionary progenitor by a series of small changes, each of which conferred a selective advantage over others. Evolution by Gene Duplication and Subfunctionalization Sometimes ...
Read MoreSterilization Techniques for Glassware
Introduction Sterilization is a process of complete removal of all types of living organisms from certain surfaces, objects, or liquids to avoid the chances of contamination and spoilage. It is either done by physical methods like ultraviolet radiations, autoclaving, etc., or by chemical methods like using ethanol. It is different from disinfection in the fact that disinfection kills many types of microorganisms but not all. Sterilization is more effective as compared to disinfection. Need of Sterilization There are some microorganisms that are very dangerous and a person who is working in close vicinity with such microorganisms is likely to fall ...
Read MoreWhat Is Site-Specific Recombination and What Are the Strategies Involved?
Introduction The rearrangement of genetic information within and among DNA molecules encompasses a variety of processes, collectively placed under the heading of genetic recombination. Genetic events fall into three classes- Homologous Genetic Recombination - It involves the exchange of genetic information between two DNA molecules. Site-Specific Recombination - exchange of genetic information occurs only at a particular DNA sequence. DNA Transposition - It is different from the other two classes in the fact that it usually involves a short segment of DNA molecule that has a unique capacity to move from one location on the chromosome ...
Read MoreSingle Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs)
Introduction Each human differs from the next by about 1 base pair in every 1000 base pairs. From these small genetic variations arises the human variety we are all aware of – differences in hair color, eyesight, allergies to medications, and even behavior. These variations are due to changes in the single nucleotide. Therefore, single nucleotide polymorphism can be defined as the variation that arises due to the alteration of a single nucleotide (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) and prevails in at least 1% of the population. These SNPs act as molecular markers and help in the diagnosis of certain ...
Read MoreSimple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP)
Introduction Molecular markers also called genetic markers can be defined as the part of DNA that provide specific information about a certain location in the genome. In a pool of unknown DNA, they are used to locate the sequence of interest. Molecular markers are used in the field of genetics for linkage analysis and also diagnosis of certain diseases. There are many types of molecular markers of which simple sequence length polymorphism is a type that uses polymerase chain reaction. Polymorphism refers to the condition in which two or more variants of a particular DNA sequence are present in different ...
Read MoreWhat Are Selfish Genetic Elements and What Is Their Role in Reproductive Isolation?
Introduction The genome of the organism refers to all the genes that work together in harmony to improve the health of an organism. But there are some genes that take control of themselves and aid their own transmission at the cost of other genes in the genome, in other ways they behave in a selfish way by keeping them first. Such genes which project themselves overcasting other genes are called selfish genes. Most of the time this will not have any impact on the organisms but sometimes it may pose a negative impact on the organism’s health and fitness. Reproductive ...
Read MoreWhat is DNA Typing and Its Significance in Forensic Science
Introduction DNA is the main hereditary material found in all organisms. It is a double stranded macromolecule and is found in the nucleus of the cell. DNA is composed of nitrogen bases namely adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, phosphate group and sugar. It helps in the transmission of characters from parents to offspring. DNA typing is also called DNA fingerprinting, genetic fingerprinting or DNA profiling. It is a common technique that can identify slightest differences in the DNA. DNA typing has been used in forensic investigations, establishment of paternity, disease diagnosis and establishment of ancestry. Principle Behind DNA Profiling ...
Read MoreWhat Is Reverse Transcription and What Is the Role of Reverse Transcriptase
Introduction The central dogma of molecular biology stated the utilization of genetic information. The first process is replication, the copying of parental DNA to form daughter DNA molecules with identical nucleotide sequences. The second process is transcription, which is the process by which a genetic message present in the DNA is copied into an RNA. The third process involves the translation of messages on RNA to a polypeptide chain with a particular amino acid in the ribosomes. With all these processes one more process takes place in viruses where genetic material is RNA, in such organisms a complementary ...
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