Introduction In prokaryotes, genetic material is transferred from parents to offspring by cell division like binary fission. This type of transmission via cell division is known as vertical transmission. Now there is another type of transmission called horizontal transmission that does not involve cell division, but the transfer of genetic ... Read More

Introduction Chromosomes are the thin fiber-like structure that forms the most important part of the genetic material and is mostly confined inside the nucleus in eukaryotic cells due to the presence of cell membrane and are scattered in prokaryotic cells. During cell division chromatin condense to form rod-like structures containing ... Read More

Introduction Those organisms which cannot be seen through the naked eye and need to be viewed with the help of a microscope are called microorganisms. Microbes include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. The study of these microorganisms and their behavior is called microbiology. Microbial physiology can be defined as the ... Read More

Introduction Microbial chemistry or microbial biochemistry can be defined as the branch of microbiology that deals with the study of biochemical reactions taking place in microorganisms which help in their growth and development of mechanisms of pathogenesis. This branch encompasses the study of the structure of microbial cells, metabolic reactions, ... Read More

Introduction Viruses are very minute organisms and are considered a bridge between living and non-living. They are microscopic agents that cause infections in other organisms. Generally, viruses do not have any metabolic machinery of their own to carry out their life processes instead they depend on other organisms called hosts ... Read More

Introduction The rearrangement of genetic information within and among DNA molecules encompasses a variety of processes, collectively placed under the heading of genetic recombination. Genetic events fall into three classes- Homologous Genetic Recombination- Involves genetic exchanges between two DNA molecules. Site-specific recombination- Exchange occurs only at a particular DNA ... Read More

Introduction Extraction and isolation of DNA from animals are comparatively easy as different tissues from different types of species will have rather similar characteristics. But in the case of plants, the extraction of genomic DNA from divergent species is extremely difficult because of the production of various metabolites and biomolecules ... Read More

Introduction Microorganisms are those organisms whose length is in the order of micrometers, they are so small that, they cannot be seen through the naked eye and require a microscope to observe them. Study of the microorganisms is important as they can cause many diseases, but they are equally important ... Read More

Introduction Genes can be defined as the basic unit of heredity. Genes can be defined as the small segments on DNA that are responsible for transmission of characters from one generation to other. The study of these genes and hereditary characters is called genetics. The entire set ... Read More

Introduction Evolution is the basic key which can explain how human and other organisms appeared on Earth. Evolution can be defined as study of origin and development of various organisms on Earth. Organisms have evolved due to major morphological and functional changes. In the due course of evolution genes that ... Read More