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Articles by Vishala M
Page 3 of 4
What Are Mobile Genetic Elements?
Introduction In prokaryotes, genetic material is transferred from parents to offspring by cell division like binary fission. This type of transmission via cell division is known as vertical transmission. Now there is another type of transmission called horizontal transmission that does not involve cell division, but the transfer of genetic material takes place with the help of three mechanisms namely transformation, transduction, and conjugation. These three mechanisms take place with the help of certain DNA sequences that are capable of encoding proteins and enzymes and these sequences are known as mobile genetic elements. Not only in prokaryotes they are also ...
Read MoreMini Chromosomes - An Overview
Introduction Chromosomes are the thin fiber-like structure that forms the most important part of the genetic material and is mostly confined inside the nucleus in eukaryotic cells due to the presence of cell membrane and are scattered in prokaryotic cells. During cell division chromatin condense to form rod-like structures containing centromere and chromatids. Mini chromosomes are thread-like structures similar to chromosomes that contain a centromere, chromatids, telomere, and the origin of replication. But they differ from chromosomes in the fact that they contain a little extra genetic material, and they generally divide on their own. Structure of Mini chromosomes ...
Read MoreWhat is Microbial Physiology?
Introduction Those organisms which cannot be seen through the naked eye and need to be viewed with the help of a microscope are called microorganisms. Microbes include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. The study of these microorganisms and their behavior is called microbiology. Microbial physiology can be defined as the internal and external structure of microorganisms, their functions, the interaction between them, and their response to the immediate environment. It is important to study microbial physiology because of the industrial applications of microorganisms and in scientific research. Microbial physiology involves the study of both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Topics to ...
Read MoreWhat is Microbial Chemistry and Its Significance?
Introduction Microbial chemistry or microbial biochemistry can be defined as the branch of microbiology that deals with the study of biochemical reactions taking place in microorganisms which help in their growth and development of mechanisms of pathogenesis. This branch encompasses the study of the structure of microbial cells, metabolic reactions, and interaction of various macromolecules which provide detailed skeletal aspects and the basis of function associated with life. Biomolecules Found in Microorganisms Various types of biomolecules constitute the structure of microorganisms. Most of the microorganisms are prokaryotes except fungi which are eukaryotes. Every microbe contains a different component in ...
Read MoreLysogenic Cycle-Definition, Structure, and Steps
Introduction Viruses are very minute organisms and are considered a bridge between living and non-living. They are microscopic agents that cause infections in other organisms. Generally, viruses do not have any metabolic machinery of their own to carry out their life processes instead they depend on other organisms called hosts for their survival and multiplication. It is always a debatable issue whether a virus should be considered a living organism or not. A virus that is outside the body of the host is non-living and is called a virion. In this topic, we will be discussing the replication in viruses, ...
Read MoreWhat Are Jumping Genes?
Introduction The rearrangement of genetic information within and among DNA molecules encompasses a variety of processes, collectively placed under the heading of genetic recombination. Genetic events fall into three classes- Homologous Genetic Recombination- Involves genetic exchanges between two DNA molecules. Site-specific recombination- Exchange occurs only at a particular DNA sequence. DNA transposition- It is distinct from both other classes in that it usually involves a short segment of the DNA molecule with the remarkable capacity to move from one location in a chromosome to another. Jumping Genes or Transposons Jumping genes are also called transposons. They are named ...
Read MoreHow to Isolate Genomic DNA from Plants
Introduction Extraction and isolation of DNA from animals are comparatively easy as different tissues from different types of species will have rather similar characteristics. But in the case of plants, the extraction of genomic DNA from divergent species is extremely difficult because of the production of various metabolites and biomolecules by them. Also, the biochemistry between different species is considerably different. When it comes to the isolation of DNA from plants two types of plant biomolecules, polyphenols and polysaccharides pose a major problem. These biomolecules interfere with the various steps during the isolation of DNA. Steps Involved in The ...
Read MoreWhat Are Industrially Important Organisms?
Introduction Microorganisms are those organisms whose length is in the order of micrometers, they are so small that, they cannot be seen through the naked eye and require a microscope to observe them. Study of the microorganisms is important as they can cause many diseases, but they are equally important as they are involved in some vital processes in nature also nowadays they are used in industries for the synthesis of certain important products and in bioremediation. The microorganisms which are used in industries to produce products useful for mankind on a large scale are called industrially important microorganisms. ...
Read MoreGenes and Genomics - Integrative Cell Biology
Introduction Genes can be defined as the basic unit of heredity. Genes can be defined as the small segments on DNA that are responsible for transmission of characters from one generation to other. The study of these genes and hereditary characters is called genetics. The entire set of DNA that is present in an organism is called the Genome of the organism. Many organisms have genetic material that may not be necessarily DNA. For example, in some viruses the genetic material is RNA, they do not contain DNA in them. In addition to nuclear DNA organisms contain ...
Read MoreWhat Does Functional Divergence Mean?
Introduction Evolution is the basic key which can explain how human and other organisms appeared on Earth. Evolution can be defined as study of origin and development of various organisms on Earth. Organisms have evolved due to major morphological and functional changes. In the due course of evolution genes that are responsible for imparting various characters kept on adding by duplication of original gene. Some duplicate genes acquired new functions, whereas some just helped the ancestral gene to perform its function. These minor changes brought about major impact on development of organisms and new species evolved. This development of new ...
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