Keywords BLAST, bioinformatics, heuristic algorithm, program, biological sequence, proteins, nucleotides, database sequences, maximal segment pair, alignments, DNA and RNA sequences. Introduction BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) in bioinformatics, is an algorithm and program for comparing primary biological sequence information, such as the amino acid sequences of proteins or the ... Read More

Keywords Beneficial microorganisms, rhizosphere, biofertilizers, soil fertility, crop production, sustainable agriculture, integrated plant production, evaluation, crops, inorganic fertilizers, soil fertility, organic fertilizers, fertilizer application, nutrients, organic matter, plant nutrition, cropping systems. Introduction Biofertilizer is a substance which contains living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize ... Read More

Keywords Microarrays, biosensors, genomic analyses, clinical trials, microreactor. Introduction Biochip is a set of diminished microarrays that are placed on a strong substrate that allows many experiments to be executed at the same time to obtain a high throughput in less time. This device contains millions of sensor elements or ... Read More

Keywords Recombinant DNA, genetic engineering, genes, gene cloning, genetic manipulations. Introduction Basic tools are necessary for the process to generate recombinant DNA molecules which are enzymes, vectors, and host organisms. The most important enzymes required for genetic engineering are the restriction enzymes, DNA ligase and alkaline phosphatase etc. Each DNA ... Read More