Keywords Insulin, recombinant human insulin, manufacturing process, bioequivalence, clinical studies, Insuman formulations, NPH insulin, premix insulin, review. Introduction Recombinant human insulin was one of the first products of biotechnology. Insulin replacement therapy is the early standard of care for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recombinant human ... Read More

Keywords Relative growth rate, unit leaf rate, net assimilation rate, specific leaf area, leaf weight fraction, leaf area ratio, allometry, GEDI, LiDAR, forest biomass, regression, non-parametric models, pixel-based approach, sentinal-2, terrestrial carbon stock, uncertainty mapping, carbon accounting, climate change, field survey, geostatistics, remote sensing technique, scale, uncertainty. Introduction Growth analysis ... Read More

Keywords Vegetative propagating, asexual reproduction, reproduction, fungi, bacteria. Introduction Plant cloning is a technique for vegetatively propagating plants in which a piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir, or rock wool. The cutting produces ... Read More

Keywords Animal cloning, reproduction, embryo, fetus, endangered species, genetic copies, DNA, cells, tissues, clone. Introduction Animal cloning is an asexual method of reproduction. It can be defined as a form of animal reproduction that involves the replacement of the egg nucleus with a cell from the body part of the ... Read More

Keywords Phosphopeptides, isolation, separations, hydrophilic interaction, electrostatic repulsion, mobile phase, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino acids, peptides, proteins. Introduction Electrostatic Repulsion Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography is a new mode of chromatography. It permits some separations to be done isocratically that normally would require a gradient. It also permits the selective isolation ... Read More

Keywords Genetic marker, DNA sequence, chromosome, variation, mutation, minisatellites, protein variation, genetic mapping. Introduction A genetic marker is a known location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome which is used in the identification of individuals or species. It is described as a variation or mutation in a ... Read More

Keywords DNA annotation, genome annotation, genetic material, genomic position, genomic databases, database records, eukaryotic genome, annotation tools, prokaryotic genomes. Introduction DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of identifying the locations of genes and all the coding regions in a genome and determining what those genes do. An annotation ... Read More

Keywords DNA sequences, small fragments, genetic sequencing, capillary electrophoresis, nucleotides, genome. Introduction Shotgun Sequencing and Next Generation Sequencing have the key difference i.e., Shotgun Sequencing is a sequencing method which randomly breaks up DNA sequences into many small fragments and reassembles the sequence by observing the overlapping regions. While Next ... Read More

Keywords Genetic manipulation, gene expression, Cre recombinase, recognition site, P1 bacteriophage, genomes, recombination. Introduction Cre-Lox is a powerful tool for genetic manipulation in vivo because it allows for excellent spatial and temporal control of gene expression. This is invaluable when working with animal models, where unchecked gene expression or complete ... Read More

Keywords DNA sequencing, next-generation sequencing, genetics, sequencing cost, study design, rare variant, nucleotide. Introduction Coverage is one of several measures of the depth or completeness of DNA sequencing and is more specifically expressed in genetics. Coverage describes the number of sequencings reads that are uniquely mapped to a reference and ... Read More