Keywords Bioinformatics, biotic and abiotic, GWAS, NGS, plant breeding, plant sequencing, plant pathogen, sequence analysis, computational proteomics, microarray data analysis, bio-ontology, biological database. Introduction Bioinformatics plays an essential role in today's plant science. As the amount of data grows exponentially, there is a parallel growth in the demand for tools ... Read More

Keywords Antimicrobial peptides, phagemids, targeted bacterial killing, bacterial toxins, synthetic gene networks, bacteriophage resistance, bacteriophage particle, bacterial host. Introduction A phagemid or phasmid is a DNA-based cloning vector, which has both bacteriophage and plasmid properties. These vectors carry, in addition to the origin of plasmid replication, an origin of replication ... Read More

Keywords Shotgun sequencing, whole genome sequencing, DNA sequence, chain termination, fragmentation, sequencing, Sanger sequencing. Introduction Shotgun sequencing was one of the precursor technologies that was responsible for enabling whole genome sequencing. Shotgun sequencing is a laboratory technique for determining the DNA sequence of an organism’s genome in genetics. The method ... Read More

Keywords Artificial cell, biomimetic, cell therapy, liver diseases, stem cell, gene therapy, cell transplant, bioartificial liver, regenerative medicine, cell therapy. Introduction Liver diseases have become an increasing health burden accounting for millions of deaths every year globally. Standard therapies including liver transplant and cell therapy offer a promising treatment for ... Read More

Keywords Yeast, ethanol, packed bed reactor, continuous fermentation, alternate control strategy, bioethanol, cell immobilization, dilute acid hydrolysis. Introduction Immobilized cell fermentation techniques discuss the effects of immobilization on cell physiology, metabolism, genetics, and fermentation behavior, and various types of immobilized cell bioreactor systems and their applications in fermentation. Bioethanol is ... Read More

Keywords P1 bacteriophages, bacterial artificial chromosome, bacteria, DNA cloning vectors, DNA fragments, Escherichia coli, yeast artificial chromosomes, complex genomes, gene cluster, restriction enzyme, ligation, restriction sites. Introduction P1-derived artificial chromosome, or PAC, is a DNA construct derived from the DNA of P1 bacteriophages and Bacterial artificial chromosome. It can carry ... Read More

Keywords Microencapsulated dyes and pigments, liposomes, in-situ polymerization, interfacial polymerization, coacervation, molecular complexation, textiles, fragrance, phase-change materials. Introduction Microencapsulation can be used to deliver everything from improved nutrition to extended shelf life. In fact, it’s one of the greatest opportunities to expand a brand’s potential. A wide range of chemical-based ... Read More

Keywords Mobile genetic elements, class 1 integron, horizontal or lateral gene transfer, homologous recombination, transposition, transformation, conjugation, transduction, antibiotic resistance. Introduction Integrons are genetic elements able to acquire and rearrange open reading frames (ORFs) embedded in gene cassette units and convert them to functional genes by ensuring their correct expression. ... Read More

Keywords Cell lysis, cell wall engineering, downstream processing, microbial fermentation, morphology engineering, synthetic biology. Introduction Microbial fermentation is a chemical change caused by the life activity of microorganisms, and different microorganisms cause different fermentation and produce different fermentation products. The fermentation of microorganisms is not just to make food, but ... Read More

Keywords Mass transfer, industrial processes, mass transfer coefficient, driving force concentration, fluid mixtures, porous solid, flux, turbulence. Introduction Mass transfer is the net movement of mass such as stream, phase, fraction, or component from one location to another. Many processes, including absorption, evaporation, drying, precipitation, membrane filtration, and distillation, involve ... Read More