Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) is a standard for implementing token ring over the virtual ring in LANs. The physical media has a bus or a tree topology and uses coaxial cables. A virtual ring is created with the nodes/stations and the token is passed from one node to the next ... Read More

Token RingToken ring (IEEE 802.5) is a communication protocol in a local area network (LAN) where all stations are connected in a ring topology and pass one or more tokens for channel acquisition. A token is a special frame of 3 bytes that circulates along the ring of stations. A ... Read More

Resilient Packet Ring (RPR), standardized as IEEE 802.17, is a protocol standard for data transmission over fiber optic ring networks, that operates in the Media Access Control (MAC) layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It provides a packet based transmission facility, with the aim of improving efficiency of ... Read More

Binary Countdown Protocol is a collision-free protocol that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI model. In computer networks, when more than one station tries to transmit simultaneously via a shared channel, the transmitted data is garbled, an event called collision. Collision-free protocols resolves channel access ... Read More

Organizationally unique identifier (OUI) refers to a 24-bit number assigned to a manufacturer or a vendor of a network device or station. They are globally unique identifiers assigned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Registration Authority.OUI are typically used for uniquely identifying a particular device connected to ... Read More

The logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer of the open system interconnections (OSI) reference model for data transmission. It acts act an interface between the network layer and the medium access control (MAC) sublayer of the data link layer.The LLC sublayer is mainly ... Read More

The append(char c) method of the java.lang.StringBuffer appends the string representation of the char argument to this sequence. The argument is appended to the contents of this sequence. The length of this sequence increases by 1.Example Live Demoimport java.lang.*; public class StringBufferDemo {    public static void main(String[] args) {   ... Read More

The array is faster in case of access to an element while List is faster in case of adding/deleting an element from the collection.

Consider a situation, when we have two persons with the same name, Piyush, in the same class. Whenever we need to differentiate them definitely we would have to use some additional information along with their name, like either the area, if they live in a different area or their mother’s ... Read More

When a variable, method or constructor that are declared protected in a superclass can be accessed only by the subclasses in other package or any class within the package of the protected members' class. The protected access modifier cannot be applied to class and interfaces. Methods, fields can be declared ... Read More