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Articles by Mahesh Parahar
134 articles
Difference between const char* p, char * const p, and const char * const p in C
In C programming, *p represents the value stored at the address a pointer points to, and p represents the address itself. The const keyword can be applied to the char value, the pointer, or both. The thumb rule is to read declarations from right to left. The Three Declarations Declaration Read Right-to-Left Change Value (*p)? Change Pointer (p)? const char *p p is a pointer to a constant char No Yes char * const p p is a constant pointer to a char Yes No const char * const p ...
Read MoreDifference between const int*, const int * const, and int const * in C
In C programming, *p represents the value stored at the address a pointer points to, and p represents the address itself. The const keyword can be applied to either the pointer, the value it points to, or both, creating different levels of immutability. The thumb rule for reading these declarations is to read from right to left. The Three Declarations Declaration Read Right-to-Left Change Value (*p)? Change Pointer (p)? const int *p p is a pointer to a constant int No Yes int const *p p is a pointer to a ...
Read MoreDifference between ++*p, *p++ and *++p in C
In C programming, *p represents the value stored at the address a pointer points to. ++ is the increment operator (used in both prefix and postfix forms), and * is the dereference operator. Understanding how these combine requires knowing their precedence and associativity − Prefix ++ and * have the same precedence and are right-to-left associative. Postfix ++ has higher precedence than both and is left-to-right associative. The Three Expressions Expression Equivalent To What Happens ++*p ++(*p) Dereference p, then increment the value. Pointer stays the same. *p++ *(p++) ...
Read MoreDifference between Frontend Testing and Backend Testing
A web-based application is generally based on a three-tier architecture. The first layer is the presentation layer (front-end), the second is the business/application layer, and the third is the database layer (back-end). Testing can focus on either the front-end or back-end, each requiring different skills and approaches. Three-Tier Web Application Architecture Presentation UI / Front-end Frontend Testing → Business Logic Application Layer ...
Read MoreDifference between Paging and Segmentation
Paging and Segmentation are two memory management techniques used by operating systems to efficiently allocate memory to processes. Paging divides memory into fixed-size blocks, while segmentation divides it into variable-size logical units. Paging Paging is a memory management technique in which a process address space is broken into fixed-size blocks called pages (typically a power of 2, between 512 bytes and 8192 bytes). Main memory is similarly divided into fixed-size blocks called frames, with frame size equal to page size. This ensures optimum utilization of main memory and avoids external fragmentation. Segmentation Segmentation is a memory ...
Read MoreDifference between Database and a Blockchain
A database and a blockchain are both systems for storing and managing data, but they differ fundamentally in architecture, control, and data modification capabilities. A database uses centralized storage managed by administrators, while a blockchain uses decentralized, immutable storage distributed across a network. Database A database is a data structure comprised of tables and schemas to store user and system information. It provides SQL to create, read, update, and delete records. A DBMS (Database Management System) manages the database, and database administrators control access and modify sensitive data. A database follows a client-server model architecture. Blockchain ...
Read MoreDifference between Linear and Non-linear Data Structures
Data structures are classified into linear and non-linear based on how their elements are arranged and connected. Understanding this distinction is fundamental to choosing the right data structure for a given problem. Linear Data Structures A linear data structure has data elements arranged in a sequential manner where each element is connected to its previous and next element. This sequential connection allows traversal in a single run. Linear data structures are easy to implement because computer memory is also organized sequentially. Examples include Array, List, Queue, and Stack. Non-linear Data Structures A non-linear data structure has ...
Read MoreDifference between Tester and SDET
In software quality assurance, Tester and SDET are two distinct roles with different skill sets and responsibilities. A Tester focuses on manual and functional testing, while an SDET combines development and testing skills to build automation frameworks and test software at a deeper level. Tester A software tester performs testing on the software to ensure it meets the required quality standards. A tester is responsible for checking if the software has bugs or defects and verifying that it performs as expected. A software tester is typically unaware of the application's internal code and development process, focusing on black-box ...
Read MoreDifference between ISO9000 and SEI-CMM.
ISO 9000 and SEI-CMM are both quality standards used to assess and improve organizational processes. ISO 9000 is a general-purpose quality management standard applicable across industries, while SEI-CMM is specifically designed for software organizations to measure process maturity. ISO 9000 ISO 9000 is an international standard for quality management and quality assurance, published by the International Organization for Standardization. It certifies that companies are documenting and following the quality system elements needed to run an efficient and quality-driven system. ISO 9000 is universally accepted across many countries and industries. The ISO 9000 family consists of several related ...
Read MoreDifference between Python and PHP.
Python and PHP are both popular programming languages but serve different primary purposes. Python is a general-purpose language used across many domains, while PHP is primarily a server-side scripting language designed for web development. Python Python is a high-level programming language with a large built-in standard library. It was developed by Guido van Rossum, with its first version released in 1990. Python emphasizes clean syntax and readability, making it suitable for a wide range of applications from web development to data science and AI. Example # Python: clean, concise syntax languages = ["Python", "PHP", "Java"] ...
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