Link state routing is a method in which each router shares its neighbourhood’s knowledge with every other router in the internetwork. In this algorithm, each router in the network understands the network topology then makes a routing table depend on this topology.Each router will share data about its connection to ... Read More

Query optimization is of great importance for the performance of a relational database, especially for the execution of complex SQL statements. A query optimizer decides the best methods for implementing each query.The query optimizer selects, for instance, whether or not to use indexes for a given query, and which join ... Read More

Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) is an analog method which is used when the channel's bandwidth is higher than the consolidated bandwidths of the signals which are to be broadcasted.In FDM, different frequencies are combined into a single composite signal and are transmitted on the channel. At the receiver end, the reverse ... Read More

Cryptography refers to the science and art of transforming messages to make them secure and immune to attacks. It is a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular form so that only those for whom it is intended can read and process it. Cryptography not only protects data ... Read More

To establish a reliable service between two machines on a network, transport protocols are implemented, which somehow resembles the data link protocols implemented at layer 2. The major difference lies in the fact that the data link layer uses a physical channel between two routers while the transport layer uses ... Read More

The main memory is the fundamental storage unit in a computer system. It is associatively large and quick memory and saves programs and information during computer operations. The technology that makes the main memory work is based on semiconductor integrated circuits.RAM is the main memory. Integrated circuit Random Access Memory ... Read More

The Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRC) is the most powerful method for Error-Detection and Correction. It is given as a kbit message and the transmitter creates an (n – k) bit sequence called frame check sequence. The out coming frame, including n bits, is precisely divisible by some fixed number. Modulo ... Read More

Both compilers and interpreters are the language processors used to convert software codes written in high-level language into machine language codes. Compilers and interpreters are types of system software. They are required because a computer cannot process a code written in high-level programming language like C, C++, Java, etc. Therefore, ... Read More

IOT represents the Internet of Things. It is a network of physical objects or people known as "things" that are installed with applications, electronics, networks, and sensors that enable these objects to collect and exchange information. The objective of IOT is to extend to web connectivity from standard devices such ... Read More

Synchronous protocols take the whole bitstream and drop it into the character of equal size. It is a data transfer approach in which it is a continual flow of information signals followed by computing signal. These protocols facilitate the provision that the broadcaster and the receiver are integrated. This transmission ... Read More