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Articles by Amit Diwan
80 articles
Process Management
A process is an active program — a program that is under execution. It contains the program code, program counter, process stack, registers, and other execution context information. Process States During its lifecycle, a process transitions through different states. These state changes are managed by the operating system scheduler and occur based on resource availability and system events. Process State Diagram New Ready Running ...
Read MoreUser View vs System View in Operating System
An operating system is a construct that allows user application programs to interact with the system hardware. Operating system by itself does not provide any function but it provides an atmosphere in which different applications and programs can do useful work. The operating system can be observed from two distinct perspectives − the user view and the system view. Each perspective focuses on different aspects and priorities of the operating system's functionality. Operating System Perspectives User View Focus: Ease of Use ...
Read MoreMass Storage Management
Mass Storage Management deals with the organization and optimization of secondary storage devices, primarily disks, in modern operating systems. Disks provide the bulk of secondary storage and require efficient management algorithms to handle data access requests. Disk Structure Modern disks contain concentric tracks divided into multiple sectors. The disk structure can be visualized as follows − Disk Structure Sector ...
Read MoreRDBMS terminologies
RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) uses specific terminologies to describe its components. These include Database, Table, Column, Row, and various types of keys. Let us see them one by one − Database A database is a collection of related tables. For example, a university database may contain tables like Student, Professors, Courses, etc. Table A table (also called a relation) is a collection of rows and columns that stores data about a specific entity. Here's an example of a Student table − ...
Read MoreSixth Normal Form (6NF)
In Sixth Normal Form (6NF), a relation variable is decomposed into its irreducible components − each table contains at most the primary key and one non-key attribute. A relation is in 6NF only if it is already in 5NF and every join dependency on the relation is trivial. 6NF represents the highest level of normalization, where we eliminate all possible redundancy by separating each non-key attribute into its own table. This extreme decomposition ensures that no information loss occurs during normalization while maintaining data integrity through join operations. Understanding 6NF Decomposition ...
Read MoreAlternate Key in RDBMS
An Alternate Key (also called Secondary Key) is a candidate key that was not selected as the primary key. Every table may have multiple candidate keys that can uniquely identify each row, but only one is chosen as the primary key. The remaining candidate keys become alternate keys. Example 1: Student Table Consider the following Student table ? Student_ID Student_Enroll Student_Name Student_Email 096 2717 Manish aaa@gmail.com 055 2655 Manan abc@gmail.com 067 2699 Shreyas pqr@gmail.com Student_ID, Student_Enroll, and Student_Email are the candidate keys since each can uniquely ...
Read MoreComposite Key in RDBMS
A composite key is a primary key that consists of two or more columns combined to uniquely identify each row in a table. A single column alone may not be unique, but the combination of multiple columns together forms a unique identifier. Example 1: Order Details In an order details table, a single OrderID can appear in multiple rows (for different products), and a single ProductID can appear in multiple orders. However, the combination of OrderID + ProductID is unique for each row ? OrderDetails ...
Read MoreFuture of RDBMS
While Big Data and NoSQL databases have become popular choices for modern data solutions, the crucial features of RDBMS ensure it remains relevant and widely used. RDBMS is designed to handle structured data with ACID compliance, making it indispensable for applications requiring data integrity and consistency. Why RDBMS Still Matters The RDBMS market continues to grow with approximately 9% annual growth, as reported by Gartner. Although a massive volume of the world's data has been produced in recent years, most business-critical data remains structured − financial records, customer information, inventory, and transactions − all of which are best ...
Read MoreSet Flex Items into equal width columns with Bootstrap
To set flex items to be of equal width column, use the flex-fill class. The class displays the items as equal width. In the below example screenshot, you can see that we have four flex items with equal width columns −The flex-fill class is used for every flex items and in this way, we can set equal width. Below, we have two flex items − Example 1 Example 2 Example Bootstrap Example With flex-fill Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Without .flex-fill: Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4
Read MoreBootstrap 4 .justify-content-*-end class
To justify the flex items on the end, use the justify-content-end class.To justify the flex items on the end, on different screen sizes, use the justify-content-*-end class. The flex items justified at the end would be visible like the following on different screen sizes −Small Screen Size Alabama New York Texas Medium Screen Size Alabama New York Texas Let us see the complete code and learn how to work with justify-content-*-end class −Example Bootstrap Example US Alabama New York Texas Alabama New York Texas Alabama New York Texas
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