Introduction Uses and applications of the noble gases are very important aspect of chemistry to understand the contribution of these elements in our daily life. Noble gases behave like pure non-metallic compounds, as these are colourless and odourless gases with low melting and boiling points. In the liquid form, these elements are not good conductors of electricity. The condition for noble gases to exist in their gaseous form is at standard temperature and pressure. The general configuration of the noble gases is considered as $\mathrm{ns^2np^6}$. The noble gases generally have a very stable electronic configuration that helps them to ... Read More

Introduction The allotropes of phosphorus are found in different allotropic forms. The main allotropes of phosphorus include the white phosphorus, red phosphorus and black phosphorus. In addition to this, there is also the existence of violet phosphorus. The black phosphorus is black in colour while the white phosphorus bears yellowish colour and red phosphorus has red colour. Allotropes of Phosphorus Allotropy is called the science of occurrence of an element in multiple or more than one physical shape. Here allotropes refer to different types of physical shapes of the same element. It is seen that allotropes is the property of ... Read More

Introduction The electronic configuration for elements from Boron family have outer-shell electronic configuration as $\mathrm{ns^2np^1}$. The existence of nd electrons, however, causes differences in the characteristics of the first two elements (B and Al) and the remainder of the elements from Ga onwards. The electronic configuration of Group 13 elements is shown in the table below. Thus, boron $\mathrm{(1s^2)}$ has 2 electrons in the outermost shell, aluminium $\mathrm{(2s^22p^6)}$ has 8 electrons, and the remaining elements have 18 electrons $\mathrm{(ns^2np^6nd^{10})}$. ElementsElectronic Configuration Boron (B)$\mathrm{[He] 2s^2 \:2p^1}$ Aluminium (Al)$\mathrm{[Ne] 3s^2\:3p^1}$ Gallium (Ga)$\mathrm{[Ar] 3d^{10}\: 4s^2\: 4p^1}$ Indium (In)$\mathrm{[Kr] 4d^{10}\: 5s^2 \:5p^1}$ Thallium ... Read More