In base R, the plot with different shape of points can be created by using pch argument inside the plot function but if we want to use any sign that is not designed for pch argument by default then we should pass that particular sign. For example, if we want to use cross sign then we can use letter x with pch as pch = "x".ExampleConsider the below vector and create the plot by displaying cross sign using letter x − Live Demox

The plotting window size can be found by using dev.size function and we can pass in for inches and cm for centimeters. For example, if we create a plot then we can use dev.size("in") to find the plot size in inches and dev.size("cm") to find the size in centimeters.ExampleConsider the below vectors and create a point chart between those vectors − Live Demox

We have to write a function that creates an array with elements repeating from the string till the limit is reached.Suppose there is a string ‘aba’ and a limit 5.e.g. string = "string" and limit = 8 will give new arrayconst arr = ["s", "t", "r", "i", "n", “g”, “s”, ”t”]ExampleLet’s write the code for this function −const string = 'Hello'; const limit = 15; const createStringArray = (string, limit) => {    const arr = [];    for(let i = 0; i < limit; i++){       const index = i % string.length;       arr.push(string[index]);   ... Read More

If the row values are incorrectly recorded into columns then we might want to convert the columns into rows. Thus, to convert columns of an R data frame into rows we can use transpose function t. For example, if we have a data frame df with five columns and five rows then we can convert the columns of the df into rows by using as.data.frame(t(df)).Example Live Demoset.seed(4) x1

In base R, the plot with different shape of points can be created by using pch argument inside the plot function. The list of pch values with shape is as written below −pch = 0 display square pch = 1 display circle pch = 2 display triangle point up pch = 3 display plus pch = 4 display cross pch = 5 display diamond pch = 6 display triangle point down pch = 7 display square cross pch = 8 display star pch = 9 display diamond plus pch = 10 display circle plus pch = 11 display triangles up ... Read More

If we unique values in a vector in R and they are repeated then we can find the frequency of those unique values, this will help us to understand the distribution of the values in the vector. On the basis of that distribution analysis, we can proceed with the further analysis that could be used. This can be done with the help of rle function.Example Live Demox1

Just like a list can have multiple elements, the elements of the list can have multiple sub-elements and the size of those elements may vary as well hence a list with single sub-elements is also possible. If we have such type of list then we can sort that list in decreasing order by using order function but we also need to unlist those elements.ExampleConsider the below list − Live Demox1

To create histogram of all columns in an R data frame, we can use hist.data.frame function of Hmisc package. For example, if we have a data frame df that contains five columns then the histogram for all the columns can be created by using a single line code as hist.data.frame(df).ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demoset.seed(9) x1

Since column represent variables, we often find missing values in the columns of a data frame but we may want to find missing values(NA) for cases as well so that we can replace them based on case characteristic instead of the distribution of the variable. In R, we can use rowSums with apply function.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demoset.seed(8) x1

To find the maximum value for each column of a matrix, we need to use apply function. For example, if we have a matrix M that contains 2 rows and 2 columns with values 1, 2 in the first row and 3, 4 in the second row then the maximum for each of the columns in that matrix can be found by using the syntax; apply(M,2,max), hence the result will be 3, 4.Example Live DemoM1−-matrix(1:36,ncol=6) M1Output   [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [1,] 1    7    13   19   25   31 [2,] 2    8    14   20   26   32 [3,] 3    9    15   21   27   33 [4,] 4    10   16   22   28   34 [5,] 5    11   17   23   29   35 [6,] 6    12   18   24   30   36Exampleapply(M1,2,max)Output[1] 6 12 18 24 30 36Example Live DemoM2