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Programming Articles
Page 1646 of 2547
Difference between std::vector and std::array in C++
Both vectors and arrays are used to store collections of elements, but they differ significantly in how they manage their memory and flexibility. C++ std::vector A vector is a dynamic array that can be resized automatically when elements are added or removed. It is a part of the C++ STL and provides more flexibility than a static array. Example In the following example, we will demonstrate the usage of the vector in C++ − #include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector > v { { 4, 5, 3}, {2, 7, 6}, {3, 2, 1, 10} }; cout
Read MoreWhy we should avoid using std::endl in C++
In this article, we will see why we should avoid the std::endl while printing lines into the console or a file. We use std::endl to create a new line after the current line. For a few lines of I/O operations, it is not causing any problems. However, a large number of I/O tasks decreases performance. Why We Avoid Using std::endl There are the following reasons to avoid endl: The endl is used to create new lines, but it does not send to the new line only; after sending the cursor to the next line, it ...
Read Morefork() to execute processes from bottom to up using wait() in C++
The fork() system call is used to create a process commonly known as a child process if the fork() returns 0. Otherwise, the created process is known as the parent process. All processes created with fork() execute in parallel. But what if we want the last process to be executed first? In this case, the parent process would execute last because of bottom-to-top execution. This can be done using the wait() system call. The wait system call is used to process handling. It pauses the execution of the calling process until the child process has finished its execution. It's commonly ...
Read Morereference_wrapper in C++
std::reference_wrapper is a class template in C++ that allows you to store references to objects or functions in a way that makes them copyable and assignable. Normally, C++ references can't be stored in standard containers like std::vector or std::list, because references are not copyable. std::reference_wrapper solves this problem by internally storing a pointer to the referenced object. It acts like a wrapper around a reference and behaves almost like the original object. It can be passed to functions that take T& (a reference to T), because std::reference_wrapper is implicitly convertible to T&. This is especially useful when you ...
Read MoreCalculation in parent and child process using fork() in C++
The fork() function creates a new process by duplicating the current one. It allows developers to perform parallel tasks and manage resources efficiently. When fork() is called, it returns a value. If the value is greater than 0, then it is in the parent process. Otherwise, it is in the child process. In this C++ article, we will learn how to use the fork() system call to perform calculations in parent and child processes.According to the problem statement, we will do calculations. So, in our parent process, we will find the sum of all even numbers in an array, and ...
Read MoreC++ Program to Implement a Binary Search Tree using Linked Lists
A linked list is a linear data structure in which we store a sequence of elements, where each element is called a node that contains data and a pointer (or link) to the next element in the sequence. In this C++ article, we will implement a Binary search tree using a linked list. Binary Search Tree A binary search tree is a hierarchical data structure that is constructed by nodes. Each node contains a value and its reference to the left and right child nodes. So the value in the left child node is less than the parent node, and ...
Read MoreWhat are the allowed characters in Python function names?
In Python, function names follow specific rules. A valid function name can only contain certain characters, and it must follow the naming conventions defined in the Python language syntax. Using the correct characters ensures that your code runs without syntax errors and stays readable. Allowed Characters in Function Names Python function names can consist of the following characters - Letters (A–Z, a–z) Digits (0–9) — but not at the beginning Underscores (_) — often used to separate words Function names must follow these rules - Must start with a letter or underscore Cannot start with a digit ...
Read MoreHow to return a json object from a Python function?
In Python, you need to use the built-in json module to work with JSON data. When you want to return data from a function in JSON format, you can use the json.dumps() function to convert a Python dictionary (or similar object) into a JSON string. This is helpful when making APIs, sending data in web responses, or saving organized data in files. Using json.dumps() Function The json.dumps function is used to convert a Python object (like a dictionary or list) into a JSON-formatted string. Syntax Following is its basic syntax - json.dumps(python_object) Where python_object is usually a dictionary or list ...
Read MoreWrite down a python function to convert camel case to snake case?
Camel case and snake case are ways of writing words together when we are programming. In camel case, we write words together without spaces and we start each new word with a capital letter except for the first word. For example, if we want to write a variable name for someone's date of birth, we can write it like this: dateOfBirth. In snake case, we write words together with an underscore symbol between them, and all the letters are lowercase. For example, if we want to write a variable name for someone's home address, we can write it like this: ...
Read MoreHow to pass arguments by value in Python function?
In Python, when you pass arguments to a function, they are passed by object reference. This means the function gets a reference (or pointer) to the actual object, not a copy of it. However, how this reference affects the object depends on whether the object is mutable or immutable. Mutable objects (like lists, dictionaries, and sets) can be changed inside the function. If you modify a mutable object inside the function, the changes will affect the original object outside the function as well. Immutable objects (like numbers, strings, and tuples) cannot be changed. If you try to modify ...
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