Found 575 Articles for Physics

Introduction Chromatic aberration is an optical lens related problem. Light is electromagnetic radiation and is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. A lens is an optical device designed in such a way that the light that falls on it bends while it passes through it. The light rays that reach the lens may converge to a point or diverge from a point. It is decided by the shape of the lens. A transmissive optical device that is used to focus or disperse the light beam which falls on it is called a ... Read More

Introduction Conditions for interference are one of the most important concepts of wave optics. The phenomena of light, reflection, and refraction can be explained only on the basis of wave optics. The direction in which the light propagates in the form of a wave is indicated by the light screen itself. When a stone is dropped on a motionless surface of the water, ripples spread around the area where the stone falls. This event is a perfect example of a wave spreading. As the ripple passes a particular point, the water molecules or particles at that point move up and ... Read More

Introduction Compound microscope is an optical instrument used to observe microscopic objects. The scientific study of microscopic objects is called microscopy. Early microscopes had only one lens. Hence, they are now called ordinary microscopes. Compound microscopes contain at least two lenses. In 1590 Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias Janssen developed the first compound microscope in the Netherlands. Galileo Galilei between 1609 and 1624 developed the compound microscope using concave and convex lenses and studied the compound eyes of insects. In 1625, the name microscope was given by the German physician Giovanni Faber. Robert Hooke, an English microscopist, examined ... Read More

Introduction Conductors in electrostatic equilibrium places a major role in shielding objects electrostatically. The movement of protons, electrons, as well as other subatomic particles within material results in the transfer of electric charge from one place to the next, thereby creating an electric current that flows through the substance. The interaction that is produced by the electrostatic forces between the particles facilitates the charges to move around inside materials easily. Thus, Conductors are substances that allow flow of charge with a minimum resistance i. e. substances with free electrons that are not bonded to the atoms. What is Electrostatic ... Read More

Introduction Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is an Integrated circuit (IC). In the 1970s, an integrated circuit (IC) chip could only contain up to 10, 000 transistors, and transistor feature lengths were over 1 m. For instance, the Motorola 6800 CPU has just 4100 transistors and a 6.0 m feature length. But the IC industries have seen a profound upheaval in less than 50 years. Today's chips may have more than 10 billion transistors, while their feature lengths may only be 10 nm. More functions can now be placed in a chip because of the huge rise in transistor density. ... Read More

Introduction Bar magnet is an equivalent to a Solenoid. We all have seen Bar magnets and played with them in our childhood. It has astounding properties of attracting certain kinds of materials. For example, it attracts iron but shows neutral behaviour towards plastic. Bar Magnets are made of some special kind of materials called ferromagnetic materials and they have permanent magnetic behaviour. Magnets are very useful in today’s technological world. Many electronic devices such as speakers, hard drives, and TV use magnets. We know, that electric current also can produce magnetic fields. Can we produce something like a bar ... Read More

Introduction Bell’s theorem is a very interesting concept of modern science and philosophy. The strange realm of quantum mechanics is often complicated, and at times, incalculable. More importantly, investigating quantum mechanics often leads us to the interface between the world of science and philosophy. You might not know this, but these two topics are closely related. It might interest you to know that some of the most prominent paradoxes in Physics were proposed by philosophers, not physicists or scientists. Achilles and the Tortoise is a famous example of the latter. Another concept that, in a way, bridges the gap between ... Read More

Introduction A barometer can be defined as a device that is used to measure atmospheric pressure. We all know that atmospheric pressure changes with altitudes below and above sea level. During the investigation made in Italy in the 17th century, it was known that the mercury barometer was used to find why it was not possible to design a suction pump to lift the water higher than 10 m. Evangelista Torricelli designed the first apparatus which is generally accepted as the first barometer in 1644. By 1648, the barometer was used to serve three purposes: equipment for trailing the laws ... Read More

Introduction Accuracy and Precision play an important role while measuring anything. It is not possible for measurements to be completely error-free. Thus, when we are performing scientific calculations, our answers will carry certain errors, which can vary each time we repeat the experiment. For example, the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.80665 m/s2, but if you measured it experimentally, you would get a different value. Hence, errors are inevitable. The inevitability of errors necessitates ways to describe them. Accuracy and precision are two essential terms that help us understand the error in our measurement. In this article, we ... Read More

Introduction Angular displacement and its measurement are key concepts of Dynamics. The particle is considered to be in motion when it changes its position with respect to time. That means the particle is displaced from one position to another. The particle makes linear displacement if it is moving in linear motion. Similarly, the particle makes angular displacement if it is moving in a circular motion. That means circularly moving particles make angular displacement. Laws of Motion There are laws describing the motion of particles. According to the first law, the particle does not change its state of motion or rest ... Read More