Found 13 Articles for Nuclear physics

Introduction Betatron oscillation is executed by electron in a particle accelerator. There are a large number of situations we come across in the realm of science wherein, we need subatomic particles to be accelerated to very high velocities. For example, high energy electrons are used in the production of various types of nanomaterials. X-rays are generated via bombardment of metals with very high energy electrons. Particle accelerators also find usage in cancer treatment. Unfortunately, subatomic particles aren’t naturally as energetic as we need them to be. This is where particle accelerators come in. Simply put, a particle accelerator is an ... Read More

Introduction Knowing the atomic radius helps us to predict the reactivity levels of atoms. The smaller the radii, they will be more reactive than the larger ones. This article covers all aspects of atomic radii of chemical elements. The periodic table patterns, different types of radii and so on, are discussed below. Define Atomic Radius and Atomic Size The periodic table is an organized table for reference. It contains elements arranged with the smaller atomic number to the highest atomic number in different groups. The quantity of protons in the core of molecule is the atomic number. Atomic radius is ... Read More

Introduction Bohr’s atomic model was a major breakthrough in the field of study of atomic structure. Atoms are a basic unit of all materials. According to the Bohr atomic model atoms contain a small central core called a nucleus which is full of positive charges. Electrons round about the nucleus in particular circles named orbits. Sharon Bewick, Bohr's model, CC BY-SA 3.0 The circular path is maintained by the centripetal force derived from the electrostatic force between the electrons and the nucleus. Atomic Models Multiple models were developed to explain the structure of the atom. These models are ... Read More

Introduction Azimuthal quantum number and their study are important to understand the quantum nature of matter. Atoms are a basic unit of a material. According to the Bohr atom model atoms contain a small central core called a nucleus which is full of positive charges. Electrons are round about the nucleus in a particular circle named orbits. The circular path is maintained by the centripetal force derived from the electrostatic force between the electrons and the nucleus. Different orbits have different energy. As it fails to explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and particle’s dual nature a new branch called quantum mechanics ... Read More

Introduction Band theory of Solids is essential to understand how energy is distributed in a solid. A huge number of atoms attached closely together is called Solids. Isolated atoms are initiated closer and closer simultaneously to construct solid. Valence electrons in a crystal are grouped into a single structure for the whole crystals. Because outermost electrons are interconnected with the orbits. Now electrons have to fill up the various energy levels. Atomic energy level is divided into a huge number of jointly spaced energy levels because of the electric force acted on each electron. Energy Band is a group of ... Read More

Introduction Thermal energy or heat energy is transferred from one object to another. This may happen due to three different possibilities. They are conduction, convection, and radiation. In the conduction process, the energy is transferred from one object to another without the movement of the particles. In the convection process, the energy transfer happens with the movement of particles. In the radiation process, the energy is transferred through space as a wave. Radiation Radiation transfer is a process of transmission of energy from one object to another through the medium or space. It can be ionizing or non-ionizing, which ... Read More

Introduction John Dalton believed that an atom is the smallest microscopic particle contained in a substance. John Dalton does not study microscopic particles in solids. Instead, he mostly studied the particles of gases. Even though J.J. Thomson explained the neutral nature of atoms, he was unable to explain the concept of the nucleus in the atom. In 1909, Ernest Rutherford introduced a new theory of nuclear power. Ernest Rutherford, a British physicist, was involved in the study of atoms through radioactive probes using alpha particles. Rutherford’s atomic model is modified by Niels Bohr. The stability of the atom ... Read More

Introduction Atomic and molecular physics involve the study of atoms, molecules, and their properties. Over the years, increasingly advanced techniques have become available to us. These techniques aid us in the characterization of atoms and molecules. While the responsibility of studying chemical properties lies with the chemical scientist, physicists study the quantum mechanics of atoms and molecules and try to describe their energy levels, spin-orbit coupling, and various other properties. In this tutorial, we will study a beautiful method of studying elements that involve focusing on their emission spectra. The wavelengths visible in emission spectra can be equated via formulae ... Read More

Introduction The release of electrons from a metal surface is known as electron emission. The nucleus is at the center of an atom, and electrons revolve around it. Electrons move in a variety of orbits. The electrons in the first orbit are strongly drawn to the nucleus. However, electrons in the outermost orbit are attracted to the nucleus. As a result, these electrons have a proclivity to leave the orbit if they receive enough energy. If we give this energy to the outermost electron in the form of heat, the electrons will absorb it and leave the metal surface. Emission ... Read More

Introduction When an electron oscillates with a focal point (or molecular dipole oscillates), it generates electromagnetic waves. The ratio of the electric and magnetic fields in any medium is equal to the velocity of the electromagnetic wave propagating in that medium. The speed of light in a medium is less than the speed of light in a vacuum. The energy of the electromagnetic wave is from the energy of the oscillating electrons available. When an object burns it emits colors. That is, the object emits electromagnetic radiation. It depends on the temperature. When an object is heated, it ... Read More