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Microcontroller Articles
Page 7 of 33
32-bit microprocessors
In computer architecture, 32-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 32 bits (4 octets or 4 Bytes) wide. Also, 32-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 32-bit microcomputers are computers in which 32-bit microprocessors are the norm. We know that n-bit microprocessor can handle n-bit word size.As n-bit register can store 2n different values so, a 32-bit register can store 232 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 32 bits depends on the integer representation used. We ...
Read MoreControl unit and CPU
During the execution of a program, the control unit fetches one instruction at a time from the main memory and then executes it. In this execution process, it takes help of ALU, if the instruction execution involves arithmetic or logical operation (like AND, OR, Ex-OR). After execution of the current instruction, the CPU fetches the next instruction for execution. This process continues until the program is completed and the result is output using the output device. In many computers, the control unit and the ALU are integrated into a single block, known as Central Processing Unit (CPU).Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists ...
Read MoreMicrocomputer Basics
A microcomputer can be defined as a small sized, inexpensive, and limited capability computer. It has the same architectural block structure that is present in a computer. Present-day microcomputers are having smaller sizes. Nowadays, they are of the size of a notebook. But in coming days also their sizes will get more reduced as well. Due to their lower costs, individuals can possess them as their personal computers. Because of mass production they are becoming still cheaper. Initially in the earlier days they were not very much powerful. Their internal operations and instructions were very much limited and restricted. But ...
Read MoreMicrocontroller Basics
A Microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals etc.The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters) etc.Types of MicrocontrollersMicrocontrollers are divided into various categories based on memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets. Following is the list of their typesBit − Based on bit configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into three categories.8-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to execute arithmetic and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication division, etc. For ...
Read MoreInterfacing ADC with 8085 Microprocessor
In this section we will see how ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) works with Intel 8085 Microprocessor. The Analog to Digital Conversion is a quantizing process. Here the analog signal is represented by equivalent binary states. The A/D converters can be classified into two groups based on their conversion techniques.In the first technique it compares given analog signal with the initially generated equivalent signal. In this technique, it includes successive approximation, counter and flash type converters. In another technique it determines the changing of analog signals into time or frequency. This process includes integrator-converters and voltage-to-frequency converters. The first process ...
Read MoreHistory of Microprocessor
Fair child semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first Integrated Circuit in 1959 that marked the microprocessor history. In 1968, Gordan Moore, Robert Noyce and Andrew Grove resigned from the Fair child semiconductors and started their own company: Integrated Electronics (Intel). In 1971, the first microprocessor Intel 4004 was invented. A microprocessor is also known as a central processing unit in which numbers of peripherals’ are fabricated on a single chip. It has ALU (arithmetic and logic unit), a control unit, registers, bus systems and a clock to perform computational tasks.Generation of Microprocessor1st GenerationThis was the period during 1971 to ...
Read MoreVcc and Vss pins
VCC (Voltage Common Collector) is the higher voltage with respect to GND (ground). VCC is the power input of a device. It may be positive or negative with respect to GND. When the only positive power supply is used then VSS (Voltage Source Supply) means ground or zero. The Intel 8085 Microprocessor needs a power supply of +5 V DC for its working. Pin 40 of Intel 8085 is the Vcc pin. It should be connected to +5 V DC power supply. Pin 20 of 8085 is the Vss pin.
Read More8085 Program to Add two multi-byte BCD numbers
Now let us see a program of Intel 8085 Microprocessor. This program is mainly for adding multi-digit BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) numbers.Problem StatementWrite 8085 Assembly language program to add two multi-byte BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) numbers. DiscussionWe are using 4-byte BCD numbers. The numbers are stored into the memory at location 8501H and8505H. One additional information is stored at location 8500H. In this place, we are storing the byte count. The result is stored at location 85F0H.The HL pair is storing the address of first operand bytes, the DE is storing the address of second operand bytes. C is holding the ...
Read More8085 Program to Add N numbers, of size 8 bits
In this program, we will see how to add a block of data using the 8085 microprocessor.Problem StatementWrite 8085 Assembly language program to add N 1-byte numbers. The value of N is provided.DiscussionIn this problem, we are using location 8000H to hold the length of the block. The main block is stored from address 8010H. We are storing the result at location 9000H and 9001H. The 9000H holding the lower byte, and 9001H is holding the upper byte.Repeatedly we are taking the number from the memory, then adding it with the accumulator and increase the register E content when carry ...
Read MoreRegister codes of 8085 Microprocessor
Using 16-bit address, 8085 can access one of the 216= 64K locations. As a single hexadecimal digit can be expressed in4-bit notation so, in 8085, memory address can be expressed using four hexadecimal digits. Similarly, for convenience, we can represent all 8085 CPU registers as A, B, C etc. using binary notations. Internally 8085 specifies these registers using 0s and 1s only. So3-bits are just enough to represent a register. The 3-bit register codes for the registers of 8085 are shown in the following tableWith 3-bit register code, eight registers can be specified in maximum as 23= 8. On the ...
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