Found 409 Articles for Microcontroller

The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor produced by Intel and introduced in 1976. It is a software-binary compatible with the more-famous Intel 8080 with only two minor instructions added to support its added interrupt and serial input/output features. When the 8085desires to receive 8-bit information, it receives it on these eight pins AD7, AD6, …, AD0. These eight pins are collectively called AD7-0. They are called basically “Address Data”. When the 8085 desires to send out 8-bit information, it sends it out on these same pins. these pins are bi-directional pins.The same lines are used for both receiving information and ... Read More

VCC (Voltage Common Collector) is the higher voltage with respect to GND (ground). VCC is the power input of a device. It may be positive or negative with respect to GND. When the only positive power supply is used then VSS (Voltage Source Supply) means ground or zero. The Intel 8085 Microprocessor needs a power supply of +5 V DC for its working. Pin 40 of Intel 8085 is the Vcc pin. It should be connected to +5 V DC power supply. Pin 20 of 8085 is the Vss pin.

The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology that can address 64K Byte of memory. It has 40 pins DIP (Dual Inline Package) IC.In bellow fig, the pin number, and its associated functions are indicated for each of the 40 pins:Data pinsAD7-0 are known as data pins and carries lower order address bits of memory and  I/O Address. These pins are bi-directional pins. The same lines are used for both receiving information and sending out information because, at any instant of time, the processor is either receiving or sending out information, but not both.Address pinsA15-8 ... Read More

It has eight addressable 8-bit registers: A, B, C, D, E, H, L, F, and two 16-bit registers PC and SP. These registers can be classified as −General Purpose RegistersTemporary Registers: a) Temporary data register b) W and Z registersSpecial Purpose Registers: a)Accumulator b) Flag registers c) Instruction registerSixteen-bit Registers: a) ProgramCounter (PC) b) Stack Pointer (SP)General Purpose RegistersRegisters B, C, D, E, H, and L are general purpose registers in 8085 Microprocessor. All these GPRS are 8-bits wide. They are less important than the accumulator. They are used to store data temporarily during the execution of the program. For ... Read More

Fair child semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first Integrated Circuit in 1959 that marked the microprocessor history. In 1968, Gordan Moore, Robert Noyce and Andrew Grove resigned from the Fair child semiconductors and started their own company: Integrated Electronics (Intel). In 1971, the first microprocessor Intel 4004 was invented. A microprocessor is also known as a central processing unit in which numbers of peripherals’ are fabricated on a single chip. It has ALU (arithmetic and logic unit), a control unit, registers, bus systems and a clock to perform computational tasks.Generation of Microprocessor1st GenerationThis was the period during 1971 to ... Read More

Were present real numbers in our daily life is not convenient for representing very small numbers, like +0.00000012347650. This same number can be more conveniently represented in scientific notation as +1.23476× 10−07. But this actually stands for +0.000000123476. So there is an error of 0.00000000000005, which forms a very small percentage error.Floating-point representation is similar in concept to scientific notation. Logically, a floating-point number consists of:A signed (meaning positive or negative) digit string of a given length in a given base(or radix).This digit string is referred to as the significand, mantissa, or coefficient.A signed integer exponent which modifies the magnitude of ... Read More

As an example, the value of 1 001, if the interpretation is that it is a 2's complement fraction will be as follows -It is 1.001 assuming the binary point after the MS bit. As the MS bit is 1, it is a negative number. Then the remaining bits do not specify the magnitude directly. The 2's complement of 1 001 is 0110+ 1 = 0 111. This is a positive fraction with the value 1 × 2−1 +1 × 2−2 +1 × 2−3 = 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.125 = 0.875 decimal. Thus, -0.875 is the value of 1001.If ... Read More

To represent fractions may be necessary quite often inside the computer. For example, it may be needed to represent inside a computer a value like +0.610 or -0.610. To represent signed fractions, it is necessary to assume the binary point just after the MSB in the bit sequence. Such numbers where the binary point is assumed to be at a fixed position in the bit sequence are called fixed-point numbers.Unsigned fractions will have the assumed binary point at the extreme left. SM, 1's complement, and 2's complement fractions will have this imaginary binary point just to the right of the ... Read More

This is one of the methods of representing signed integers in the computer. In this method, the most significant digit (MSD) takes on extra meaning.If the MSD is a 0, we can evaluate the number just as we would any normal unsigned integer.If the MSD is a 1, this indicates that the number is negative.The other bits indicate the magnitude (absolute value) of the number.If the number is negative, the other bits signify the 2'scomplement of the magnitude of the number.Thus a positive number has the same representation in SM, 1's complement, and 2's complement notations. Only negative numbers are represented ... Read More

This is one of the methods of representing signed integers in the computer. In this method, the most significant digit (MSD) takes on extra meaning.If the MSD is a 0, we can evaluate the number just as we would interpret any normal unsigned integer.If the MSD is a 1, this indicates that the number is negative.The other bits indicate the magnitude (absolute value) of the number.If the number is negative, then the other bits signify the 1's complement of the magnitude of the number.Some signed decimal numbers and their equivalent in 1's complement notations are shown below, assuming a word ... Read More