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Internet Articles
Page 26 of 88
What is a DNS Name Resolution and explain the cache poisoning attack in DNS?
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a fundamental internet service that translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses. DNS name resolution is the process by which this translation occurs, enabling users to access websites using memorable names instead of numerical IP addresses. How DNS Name Resolution Works When a program needs to translate a domain name into an IP address, it contacts a DNS server to perform the resolution. However, this process rarely occurs at a single DNS server. Instead, the initial DNS server recursively queries other DNS servers in a hierarchical manner to complete the translation. ...
Read MoreWhat is Authentication Header (AH) format?
Authentication Header (AH) is a security protocol used in IPSec to provide data integrity, authentication, and replay protection to IP datagrams. The services are connectionless, meaning they work on a per-packet basis without maintaining connection state. AH operates in two modes: transport mode (protecting payload only) and tunnel mode (protecting the entire original IP packet). However, AH cannot protect certain IP header fields that change during transit, called mutable fields. Mutable IPv4 Fields The following IPv4 header fields are considered mutable and are not protected by AH: Type of Service (TOS) − Can be modified ...
Read MoreWhat is ESP in tunnel and transport mode and the difference between AH and ESP?
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) is one of the two main protocols in IPSec that provides encryption, authentication, and integrity services for IP packets. ESP protects the data payload through encryption while ensuring data integrity and authenticity using cryptographic algorithms. ESP operates in two distinct modes: transport mode for host-to-host communication and tunnel mode for network-to-network communication. The choice of mode determines which parts of the IP packet are protected and how the packet structure is modified. ESP in Transport Mode In transport mode, the ESP header is inserted directly after the original IP header, and the ESP ...
Read MoreDifferentiate between 4G and 5G cellular Networks
A cellular network is a fundamental technology for mobile phones, personal communication systems, and wireless networking. The technology uses lower power transmitters with shorter range coverage areas called cells, enabling efficient spectrum reuse and supporting millions of simultaneous users across a geographic region. Both 4G and 5G represent major evolutionary steps in cellular technology, each offering distinct capabilities and addressing different communication needs. Understanding their differences helps in appreciating the technological advancement and choosing the right network for specific applications. 4G vs 5G Cellular Networks 4G ...
Read MoreWhat are the new developments of cellular networks?
Cellular networks are the backbone technology enabling mobile phones, personal communication systems, and wireless networking. These networks use distributed, lower-power transmitters with shorter coverage areas instead of traditional high-power transmitter systems, creating a "cell-based" architecture that efficiently serves mobile devices across wide geographical areas. Unlike complete wireless technologies, cellular networks specifically refer to mobile network infrastructure that provides network access through a hierarchical system. Mobile devices connect to nearby base stations using air-based interfaces and standardized physical and link layer protocols. Each base station connects to a Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) that manages call setup, routing, and mobility ...
Read MoreWhat are the cellular network bandwidth capabilities and base station?
Cellular networks divide large geographical areas into smaller cells to provide wireless coverage for mobile devices. Each cell is served by a base station that manages communication within its coverage area. This cellular approach enables efficient spectrum reuse and seamless connectivity across vast regions. The cellular methodology addresses several key challenges including interference avoidance, handover between cells while maintaining service quality, coverage optimization, capacity management, and frequency reuse planning. Cellular Network Structure Cell A Cell B ...
Read MoreHow NAT improves the security of Network?
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a networking technique used to convert private IP addresses to public IP addresses and vice versa. Originally developed to address IPv4 address exhaustion, NAT also provides significant security benefits by creating a natural barrier between internal networks and external threats. IPv4 uses 32-bit addressing, providing approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses. However, with global internet users exceeding 7.8 billion and multiple devices per user (smartphones, laptops, tablets, IoT devices), the demand far outstrips supply. NAT enables multiple devices to share a single public IP address while maintaining separate private addresses internally. How NAT Improves ...
Read MoreWhat are subnets and subnet masks in computer networks?
A subnet (short for sub-network) is a smaller network created by dividing a larger IP network into multiple segments. Subnet masks are used to determine which portion of an IP address identifies the network and which portion identifies the host within that network. Subnetting allows network administrators to efficiently manage IP address allocation, reduce network congestion, and improve security by creating logical boundaries within a larger network. How Subnet Masks Work A subnet mask consists of a series of consecutive 1s followed by consecutive 0s in binary format. The 1s represent the network portion, while the 0s ...
Read MoreWhat are flooding, static routing and dynamic routing?
Network routing is the process of determining the optimal path for data packets to travel from source to destination. There are three fundamental approaches to routing: flooding, static routing, and dynamic routing. Each method has distinct characteristics, advantages, and use cases in network communication. Flooding Flooding is the simplest routing technique that requires no network topology information, load conditions, or path cost calculations. When a node receives a packet, it forwards copies to all outgoing links except the one from which it arrived. This approach ensures that if any path exists between source and destination, the packet ...
Read MoreWhat is Silly Window Syndrome in TCP?
TCP is a transmission control protocol that provides reliable, connection-oriented communication between sender and receiver. It includes flow control mechanisms to prevent fast senders from overwhelming slow receivers, using a sliding window protocol to manage data transmission efficiently. Silly Window Syndrome is a performance problem in TCP that occurs when the effective window size becomes very small, leading to inefficient data transmission. This happens when tiny segments (sometimes just one byte) are transmitted repeatedly, causing significant overhead since the TCP header is typically 20 bytes or more. Silly Window Syndrome Problem ...
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