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Page 24 of 88
What is Ethernet evolution in computer networks?
Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974. Engineer Bob Metcalfe invented it for interconnecting advanced computer workstations, making it possible to send data to one another and to high-speed laser printers. It was originally intended to create a network in a small area known as a Local Area Network (LAN). Ethernet has since evolved to become the dominant wired networking technology worldwide. Ethernet Evolution Timeline 1983 − The first iteration of Ethernet 10Base-5 was released, operating at 10 Mbps using thick coaxial cable. 1985 − Thin coaxial cable (10Base-2) was ...
Read MoreWhat is the performance of ethernet and token ring under light traffic load?
Ethernet is a widely used computer networking technology for connecting devices in Local Area Networks (LANs). It allows multiple computers to access a shared medium and transmit data using Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). Token Ring is a networking technology that connects stations in a ring topology, where data transmission is controlled by passing a special frame called a token around the ring. Ethernet vs Token Ring Topology Ethernet (Bus) Node Node ...
Read MoreDifferentiate between infrastructure mode and the ad hoc mode of IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 architecture supports two fundamental modes of operation that define how wireless devices communicate with each other. Understanding these modes is crucial for network deployment and management. Infrastructure Mode Infrastructure mode is the most widely used wireless networking configuration where all wireless clients connect through a central Access Point (AP). The AP serves as a bridge between the wireless network and other networks such as the internet or corporate intranet. Infrastructure Mode Access Point ...
Read MoreWhat is Implementation of connection less services?
Connectionless service is a network communication method where packets are sent independently without establishing a dedicated path beforehand. In this service model, packets are often called datagrams because each packet is individually injected into the network and routed independently, similar to how telegrams are sent. Unlike connection-oriented services that require establishing a virtual circuit before data transmission, connectionless services require no advance setup. Networks using this approach are called datagram networks or datagram subnets. Connectionless Service Implementation Host H1 ...
Read MoreImplementation of connection-oriented services
We need a virtual-circuit subnet for connection-oriented service. Virtual circuits were designed to avoid having to choose a new route for every packet sent, providing a more efficient and predictable communication path. Instead, a route from the source machine to the destination machine is chosen as part of the connection setup and stored in tables inside the routers when a connection is established. That route is utilized for all traffic flowing over the connection, exactly the same manner as telephone networks operate. The virtual circuit is terminated when the connection is released. In connection-oriented service, every packet carries ...
Read MoreWhat is the concept of datagram packet switching?
In a packet switching network, data is transmitted between sender and receiver in the form of packets without requiring a dedicated physical path. Large messages are subdivided into multiple packets and reassembled at the destination. Datagram packet switching is one of two main types of packet switching where each packet independently finds its own route to the destination, making routing decisions at each intermediate node. Types of Packet Switching Packet switching networks are classified into two main types: Datagram packet switching − Each packet is routed independently Virtual circuit packet switching − A predetermined path ...
Read MoreWhat is virtual circuit packet switching?
Virtual circuit packet switching is a connection-oriented packet switching technique where a logical path is established between the source and destination before data transmission begins. Unlike datagram switching, all packets in a virtual circuit follow the same predetermined route through the network. In virtual circuit switching, the network establishes a virtual connection that appears as a dedicated physical circuit between communicating devices. This logical path reserves resources and ensures packets arrive in the correct order at the destination. How Virtual Circuit Switching Works Virtual circuit packet switching operates through three distinct phases: Call Setup ...
Read MoreWhat are the SONET/SDH standards in networking?
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) are international standards for transmitting digital information over optical fiber networks. SONET is primarily used in North America, while SDH is the international standard used worldwide. These standards provide a framework for high-speed data transmission, offering cost-effective transport in both access and core network areas. The optical layer delivers services for synchronous transmission and performance monitoring across telecommunications networks. SONET/SDH Network Architecture Terminal Equipment Add/Drop Multiplexer ...
Read MoreWhat is Dense Wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)?
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that multiplexes data signals from different sources so they can share a single optical fiber pair while maintaining complete separation of the data streams. DWDM can handle higher speed protocols up to 100 Gbps per channel, with each channel separated by only 0.8nm. Dense wavelength division multiplexing works on the same principle as CWDM but provides increased channel capacity and can be amplified to support much longer distances. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) λ1 (1530nm) ...
Read MoreWhat is network services terminology?
The real function of every layer in the OSI model is to provide services to the layer above it. Understanding the terminology used in network services is essential for comprehending how different layers interact and communicate with each other. Key Network Service Entities Entities are active elements within each layer that can be either software-based (like processes) or hardware-based (like intelligent I/O chips). Peer entities are corresponding entities that exist in the same layer on different machines and communicate using the same protocol. Service Provider and Service User Relationship ...
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