Found 10 Articles for Electromagnetic waves

Introduction In general, we deal with three dimensions of space that are very common and related to our daily macroscopic life. However, according to Einstein’s theory of relativity, the time coordinate is also effective in our daily life. This fact was coined and proved by scientist Hermann Minkowski. However, the birth of this concept was from the experiment of Poincare that was introduced in 1905 but then it was in a brief or we can say in raw form. Later, in 1908, the concept was explained by Hermann Minkowski. He described that Minkowski’s space as an imaginary space that has ... Read More

Introduction If you have spent some time around the concepts of electrodynamics, chances are that you have already come across Maxwell’s equations in one form or another. Even if you didn’t know what they were called at the time, they still must have found their way into your concepts. Maxwell’s equations form the fundamentals of electrodynamics. Along with the Lorentz Force Law, these four equations form the basis of electrodynamics, and every single problem can be tackled using these five equations alone. In this tutorial, we will discuss displacement current and Maxwell’s equations. What Is Displacement Current? You must ... Read More

Introduction Acceleration is called the rate of variation of velocity or the difference in velocity per unit of time. A cyclotron is a device for generating high-speed ions. Lawrence and Livingston built this device. The synchronous acceleration principle is used. Nuclei are attacked using particles like electrons and protons accelerated by an accelerator. A particle accelerator is used as a pre-accelerator to first accelerate the particles to a certain voltage before injecting the accelerator particles. As a charged particle travels through solids, a series of ionized and excited atoms appear in its path. These can be detected or counted. Detectors ... Read More

Introduction The phenomenon of separation of colors in white light is called dispersion. The collection of these colors is called a spectrum. A good example of a color spectrum is the rainbow. Rainbows occur when sunlight is refracted by water droplets during the rainy season. We can see a rainbow when it rains or after it stops raining or when we see a fountain with the sun behind us. The Sunlight falling on water droplets floating in the air is refracted and separated into its seven colors. Therefore, the water droplets floating in the air act as a glass prism. ... Read More

Introduction In accordance with the discoveries of physics, all the aspects that have electromagnetic radiation are generally known by the name of light. However, the human eye can detect only a small section of this electromagnetic spectrum. The human eye consists of cone-shaped cells those are responsible for making this electromagnetic spectrum visible to the eye. Based on such conceptualisation of physics, the present tutorial will include an explanation of the visible light spectrum. What is the visible spectrum of light? Figure 1: Visible light spectrum The visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum to a human eye is referred ... Read More

Introduction “Ultraviolet rays” (UV rays) are the portion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum varying from the ending of the visual light coverage to the X-ray area. These rays are harmful to the human skin and eyesight. Continued consumption of “ultraviolet rays” can cause several disorders. Additionally, the “ozone layers” consumed a large number of “UV rays” that come from the sunlight. Moreover, “mercury lamps, black lights, and tanning lights” are several sources of the UV rays present in the atmosphere. About the Electromagnetic Spectrum The “Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum” is the field of all classified radiations. “EM radiation” comes from different ... Read More

Introduction The electromagnetic spectrum refers to a range of all frequencies f electromagnetic radiation that includes invisible radiation as well s visible lights like the radio waves, gamma rays and infrared waves. The electromagnetic radiation from spectrum has multiple uses in the manufacturing and communication field. Gamma rays generally refer to the high frequency electromagnetic radiations and these rays carry enormous energy. Gamma rays can pass through from all types of materials. There are a few exceptions like thick concrete and lead bloc through which these rays cannot pass. Electromagnetic spectrum and gamma rays Gamma rays consist of ... Read More

Introduction A Scintillation counter is basically an instrument that assists in detecting the radiation. Scintillation is mentioned as the flash of light that is created by transparent material because of the passage of subatomic ions, electrons, photons or alpha particles. Scintillation is a huge part of the detector and it ideally comprises Scintillator and photodetector. A scintillator helps in releasing the light when the particles of high energy hit it. The energy of the released light pulse is directly proportional to that particle which strikes the scintillator. A photodetector in the Scintillation counter assists in converting the electrical light ... Read More

Introduction In accordance with a general conceptualisation, spectral series are referred to as a set of parallel lines that represent uniform speed and distance. In such cases, it has been observed that the wavelength of light can create a significant impact on the wavelength of these spectral lines. Based on this basic conviction, the present tutorial will define the spectral series of Hydrogen atoms. Moreover, the tutorial will include the formation of the spectral series along with the explanation of the Rydberg formula. Spectral Series: Definition Figure 1: Spectral series The easiest way of understanding the principle of the ... Read More

Introduction Radio waves that have the longest wavelength can be found in the electromagnetic spectrum. The waves have a frequency between 300 GHz (high) to 3 kHz (low) and sometimes are defined as microwaves that are above 3 GHz. Radio waves have a wavelength of 1 mm at a frequency of 300 GHz and 100 km at a frequency of 3 kHz (Mascoop et al. 2021). Like all other waves, electromagnetic radio waves also moves like light’s speed. The radio waves are formed by all naturally occurring phenomena like astronomical objects and lighting. The radio waves that ... Read More