Found 450 Articles for Chemistry

Introduction In simple words, we can define fibrous materials as materials made up of fibres that are bundled together. The basic component of these fibres is proteins or polysaccharides $\mathrm{[C_{x}(H_{2}O)_{y}]}$. They are usually very strong and lightweight. Some examples of these materials are cloth, fibreglass, paperboard, etc. Fibrous materials are broadly classified into two main types: Natural and Synthetic or Manmade fibres. Natural fibres are the fibres that we obtain naturally either from plant or animal sources. For example, we obtain wool, leather, hair, and silk from animals whereas we obtain rubber, cotton, and jute from plants. Synthetic fibres are ... Read More

Introduction Ferric chloride is an inorganic chemical with the formula $\mathrm{FeCl_{3}}$ that has a wide range of industrial, medicinal, & laboratory applications. Iron (𝐼𝐼𝐼) chloride or Iron trichloride is its IUPAC term. It is a dangerous substance that is very corrosive & acidic. The anhydrous substance is a potent dehydrating agent. Even though human poisoning is uncommon, consumption of $\mathrm{FeCl_{3}}$ can result in significant morbidity & lead fatality. Even though chlorine is a nonmetal & iron is a metal, it is a covalent complex. Because chlorine is more electronegative than iron, it draws a shared electron pair towards itself in ... Read More

Introduction An atom's electrical configuration shows how many electrons are in each subshell that surrounds its nucleus. The greatest number of electrons that can be found in the orbitals, which are represented by the symbols s, p, d, and f, are 2, 6, 10, and 14. The notation is used to describe the subshell's number of electrons. The shell number, the identity of the subshell, and the overall number of electrons in the subshell are all written in superscript. Electronic configuration, often called electronic structure, is the configuration of electrons in different energy levels surrounding an atomic nucleus. What is ... Read More

Introduction The quantity of energy released or absorbed when a neutral isolated gaseous atom absorbs an $\mathrm{e^{-}}$ to create a negatively charged anion is described as electron gain enthalpy. When the $\mathrm{e^{-}}$ joins with the isolated gaseous atom, energy can be produced or absorbed, depending on whether the process is exothermic or endothermic. The greater the energy released during the mixing process, the greater the electron gain enthalpy, indicated as 𝛥𝐻𝑒𝑔. $$\mathrm{X(g)\:+\:e^{-}\rightarrow\:X^{-}(g)}$$ Normally, exothermic processes occur, resulting in a negative electron gain enthalpy. Because halogens only require one atom to achieve the noble gas configuration, they have a substantially negative ... Read More

Introduction As Friedrich Wohler demonstrated in the early 1800s, organic chemicals can be synthesised in a laboratory from minerals and other non-organic materials. The first organic compound synthesized is urea. Organic chemistry was once assumed to be limited to the study of molecules formed as part of the natural processes of living creatures. For the creation of synthetic chemicals, insecticides, and a variety of other things, modern chemistry and materials sciences have focused on the extraordinary capabilities of carbon atoms. The carbon in organic molecules is usually always linked to another carbon atom or hydrogen. Define Organic Compounds? Any kind ... Read More

Introduction Carbohydrates seem to be a type of naturally occurring carbonyl molecule containing many — 𝑂𝐻 groups. This might also include their derivative products, which also lead to the synthesis of certain compounds when hydrolyzed. Sugars include carbohydrates with a sweet taste that could be water-soluble. Carbohydrates constitute abundant substances in the plant as well as animal cells. Carbohydrates contained inside skeletal bones serve as food reserves for plants, arthropods, or even mammals. All of those are significant energy resources that are required for a range of metabolic activities; the energy would be provided via oxidation. What are Carbohydrates? The ... Read More

Introduction Acidic and basic compounds are always fascinating things for scientists at that time. The colour change experiment using litmus paper is commonly used for the identification of the strength of acid and bases. But it does not give proper data on the acidity and basicity of chemical compounds. The proper identification of the acidity of a chemical compound is very necessary. In the year 1909, the chemist Søren Sørensen introduced the concept of pH from the old theories that are prevailing at that time. He also introduced the pH scale which is a breakthrough of certain theories present at ... Read More

Introduction Calcium would be a necessary element for all living organisms. Calcium sulphate found natively in limestones. Calcium sulphate seems to be an inorganic substance made up of $\mathrm{CaSO_{4}}$ as well as related hydrates. It is now utilized as a desiccant in form of λ-anhydrite. One distinct hydrate is known as plaster of Paris, whereas all the other exists plainly as a result of such mineral gypsum. All types resemble white solids that are insoluble in water. Water becomes permanently hardened due to calcium sulphate. Natural gypsum production in the world is roughly 127 million tonnes per year. However, it ... Read More

Introduction $\mathrm{CaCO_{3}}$ is found within oyster shells. It’s found in naturally occurring forms such as aragonite, vaterite, & calcite, & industrial forms such as limestone, marble, chalk, & travertine, & oyster shells. It's an active component in agricultural lime, which is formed when calcium ions combine with carbonate ions in hard water to generate lime scale. It has medicinal use as a calcium supplement or an antacid, but excessive ingestion can be harmful & lead to bad digestion. What is Calcium Carbonate? It's an inorganic complex with the formula $\mathrm{CaCO_{3}}$. It's a chemical complex that is among the first chemical ... Read More

Introduction Hydrocarbon butane has the chemical formula 𝐶4𝐻10. At room temperature, it exists in a gaseous state and is an alkane. Edward Frankland, a British chemist, was discovered in 1849. Although Edmund Ronalds, an English industrial chemist, noted its numerous qualities. He discovered butane in oil products and researched its qualities. Butane belongs to the family of paraffinic hydrocarbons and is a colourless, odourless gaseous hydrocarbon (compound of carbon and hydrogen). Normal butane, also known as n-butane, is a molecule in which all the carbon is connected in a straight chain. Isobutane, on the other hand, has a branched chain. ... Read More