Found 450 Articles for Chemistry

Introduction Heterogeneous equilibrium is a chemical equilibrium in which all of the reactants and products are in distinct phases. A homogeneous equilibrium exists when all the reactants and products are in the same phase. Chemical equilibrium is defined as the pace at which forward and backward reactions occur. According to the phase of the reactants and products, there are two forms of equilibrium. equilibrium between homogeneity and heterogeneity. When the reactants and products of an equilibrium process come together to form a single phase, whether it be a gas or a liquid, this is known as homogeneous equilibrium. In such ... Read More

Introduction Hassium is denoted or represented by the chemical symbol Hs, and it has an atomic number equal to 108. It is highly (extremely) radioactive. Its most (more) stable isotope exists or has a half-life of approximately 10 (s) seconds. Hassium is one of the superheavy elements. This element can be produced (generated) in a laboratory (lab) but only in very small quantities by the fusion process of heavy nuclei with the lighter ones. There are no natural occurrences of this element. This element is a d-block element found in the 7th period and 8th group. Electronic configuration ... Read More

Introduction Green chemistry is introduced because of increased pollution of our environment. The use of hazardous chemicals in the chemical industry has been a serious threat that causes pollution. Paul Anastas is the father of green chemistry in which he proposed 12 principles of green chemistry that are effective against major pollution in our environment. In his research work, he put forward new chemicals and new techniques for the synthesis of several organic compounds. It is a breakthrough in the science field. Since it is an environmentally and economically efficient method. The word green is given to green chemistry since ... Read More

Introduction Graham's law or also called Graham's law of diffusion was given or established by Thomas Graham (Scottish chemist) in the year 1848. Graham’s law (for both effusion and diffusion) describes that the rate (amount) of (e) effusion or diffusion of any particular gas (g) is inversely (inv.) proportional ($\mathrm{\propto}$) to the square (sq.) root of its molecular weight (m.w.). Graham’s law is useful for separating (distinction) isotopes by diffusion, which is further very useful in the production of atomic (atom) bombs. This law is more accurate (suitable) for molecular type diffusion which further involves the motion of one gas ... Read More

Introduction Fibres are referred to as the thread like structure that is long and thin and also very flexible in nature. The fibre is then spun in the yarns and from there, fabrics are made. The two main classifications that are found depending on the origin of the fibres, that involve, natural fibres and man-made fibres or (MMF) or synthetic fibres. However, the MMF is made in the laboratories and seemed to be quite cheaper as compared to the natural fibres. Classification of Fibres Based on the aspect of origin, the fibre can be divided into, natural fibres as well ... Read More

Introduction Oxidation reaction states a chemical reaction, which proceeds when substances tend to come in close proximity with the element of oxygen. However, the reaction also takes place when there lays oxidising agents other than oxygen. The result of the oxidation is the synthesis of variable organic compound. More this reaction results in the creation of varied new functional groups as well as tends to modify the structure that is pre-existing. What is Swern Oxidation? Swern Oxidation refers to a crucial oxidation process that tends to avoid the usage of varied metals such as, chromium. The reaction takes place on ... Read More

Introduction Swarts reaction is commonly applied for making alkyl fluorides from the base of alkyl chlorides. The reaction process of Swarts reaction mainly involves providing external temperature to heat the alkyl chlorides in the existence of fluorides that comprise some heavy metals. Examples of this method are $\mathrm{AgF\:, \:HgF_{2}}$ as well as $\mathrm{CoF_{2}}$ and in this reaction, acetone is commonly applied like a solvent for improving the rate of reaction. What is Swarts regents? Swarts regents with the chemical formula $\mathrm{SbF_{3}}$ is the most used reagent in this reaction and it is mainly applied in this reaction as an agent ... Read More

Introduction Suzuki coupling reaction is named after an eminent chemist Akira Suzuki and it is known as the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. This reaction shows the coupling with a halide that is over ling of the specimen of an organoboron palladium catalyst. The formation of the strong bond between two carbons is the basic formation of the reaction. What is the Suzuki coupling reaction? Suzuki coupling reaction is one of the most important reactions that is mainly formed by a single chemical bond of carbon-carbon with the help of coupling a species of organoboron along with the aryl halide in the existence ... Read More

Introduction Sulphur dioxide is practically a very dull gas however, it releases a very strong and pungent odour. This is highly toxic to breathe. This gas has several definitive characteristic traits, like, as this can naturally occur in a colourless form and can readily mix into water. This gas can be prepared in laboratories as well. What is sulphur dioxide? Sulphur dioxide is also acknowledged as sulphurous anhydrate or sulphur (IV) oxide. This chemical compound has been utilised by humans for various usages across history. In the early days, Romans used this gas in the preparation of wine. This is ... Read More

Introduction Sulphur naturally occurs near volcanoes and massive deposits in Texas and Louisiana in the USA. Sulphur helps in preparing batteries, detergents, and fungicides, manufacture of fertilizers, gunpowder, matches and fireworks. In chemical and pharmaceutical industries, the chemical compound is used to make stronger and first resistant concrete materials. What is Sulphur? Sulphur in nature is present as sulphides and has several vital ores such as chalcopyrite, bornite, pentlandite, millerite and molybdenite. Sulphide minerals that are formed from sulphur include pyrite and marcasite are iron sulphide, and stibnite is antimony sulphide. Figure 1 − Allotropic forms of Sulphur The ... Read More