Found 454 Articles for Biology

Introduction For the first time in the history of the world the substance, fructose was discovered by the renowned French chemist named Augustin Pierre Debranfaut in the year 1844, by synthesizing fruit sugar in an aqueous (with water) fruit sugar solution. The chemist at that time named fructose mutarotation. Both glucose, galactose, and fructose form the basic group type of sugars. One molecule of sucrose going through hydrolysis yields a single molecule of glucose and a single molecule of fructose altogether respectively. Fructose occurs naturally in various fruits, honey, etc. respectively. Fructose in its natural form is widely used ... Read More

Introduction How has life evolved on earth? How have all the organisms that we see today evolved? What does evolution mean? How has it affected our planet? These are some of the questions that come to mind when you start reading about the evolution of life on earth. So, in this tutorial, we will answer all such questions, but before we start, let us know about the meaning of evolution. The life forms on earth that we see around are the result of the various events that took place on the earth millions of years ago. Living organisms occur ... Read More

Introduction: What Makes a Fruit a Fruit? Have you ever questioned if a tomato is a fruit or a vegetable? In actuality, many plants that we consider to be vegetables are actually fruits. Fruits include several varieties such as cucumbers, peppers, and even peanuts. Tomatoes are considered fruits in botany because they contain seeds and originate from a flower's ovaries. What is a fruit? The matured and ripened ovary of a flowering plant is what we refer to as a fruit. When ovules are fertilized, they develop into the seeds of the plant, and the ovary of an angiosperm ... Read More

Introduction Carbohydrates provide energy for the body. One of the key nutrients in a person's diet is carbohydrates. They give your cells energy, nourish your brain and neurological system, and maintain your body lean and fit. Carbohydrates are found in a wide variety of foods, including pasta, bread, rice, sugar, fruit, potatoes, and vegetables, as well as cakes, candies, and soft drinks. This tutorial explores the many types of carbohydrates and how they work in the body, as well as the process of how they are absorbed. Carbohydrates and its Types The term "carbohydrates" refers to all different types ... Read More

Meristems are undifferentiated, embryonic tissues found in the tips of stems and roots of plants. They are responsible for the continuous growth and development of plants. Two primary types of meristem are apical meristem and lateral meristem. In this essay, we will explore the differences between apical and lateral meristem. What is Apical Meristem? The apical meristem is the growing tip of the stem or root. It is responsible for the primary growth of plants, including the growth in height, length, and branching of stems and roots. Apical meristem is found at the apex of the stem or root and ... Read More

Introduction The rate of respiration in plants is quite different from the aspects of photosynthesis. It is to be found in plants is different in different regions. The rate of respiration in leaf tissues, flower buds and germinating seeds is discussed further in the tutorial. What are Flower Buds, Leaf Tissues, and Germinating Seeds? Definition of flower buds, leaf tissues, and germinating seeds is mentioned below − Flower Buds This part of the plant helps in producing a flower. Mostly they are found in terminal ends. It makes them easier to be identified. There are different kinds of flower ... Read More

Introduction Identification of the characteristics of different species is very important to signify their kingdom along with their class, order, as well as genus or species. In this study, several specimens of different classes will be observed. What are Specimens? There are several specimens available on this planet with great variation. The common characteristics of the species lead to proper classifications according to their kingdom and species. Aim of the Experiment The principal aim of this experiment is to identify the physical features of numerous types of specimens. Required Equipment In order to make ... Read More

Introduction Tissues are the supporting units found in living organisms throughout their bodies. These tissues are found in the bodies of plants and animals however they are different in structure and function entirely. These units have their own set of functionalities that supports different organs of the body. The tissues are made of cells and the plant and animal cells vary in terms of shapes and sizes. What is a Tissue? The union of cells forms tissue that is found in an organism and they share the same embryonic origin aiming towards a similar function. Multiple tissues accumulate to ... Read More

Introduction Salivary glands produce salivary amylase, an enzyme. Each individual action of any salivary amylase is effective on different available starch. Changes in the temperature directly impact the nature of salivary amylase. At the time of digesting, all the food particles are digested and this helps in generating energy from food. The main reason for executing this experiment is to understand the impacts of different pH and temperatures on salivary amylase. What is Salivary Amylase? Figure 1: Salivary amylase Another important term, associated with salivary amylase is ptyalin. Overall, oral perception of all kinds of starches is ... Read More

Introduction Pollination is mainly carried out with the help of abiotic pieces of equipment of the atmosphere like the wind as well as water. The grain of pollen mainly germinates if it absorbs some nutrients and water for its growth within a pollen tube. What is Pollen Germination? Figure 1: Pollen germination The germination of the pollen grain is a particular procedure through which the reproduction system of plants proceeds. The grains of pollen are transferred to the ovary part where the germ pores come out during germination. Aim of this Experiment The principal aim of ... Read More